Disease relevance of ETHIDIUM BROMIDE

• CD4+ or CD8+ cells from clinically asymptomatic HIV-1 carriers contain a significantly elevated percentage of cells endowed with enhanced HE --> Eth conversion and/or reduced DiOC6(3) uptake as compared with normal controls [1].
• One of these proteins, EmrE, is an Escherichia coli protein, which has been cloned based on its ability to confer resistance to ethidium and methyl viologen and which has been extensively characterized [2].
• We have investigated internal motion of DNA in bacteriophages by measuring fluorescence anisotropy decays of intercalated ethidium [3].
• A set of covalently closed circular duplex simian virus 40 DNA preparations of varying superhelical densities was prepared by closure of nicked duplex DNA with polynucleotide ligase in the presence of varying amounts of ethidium [4].
• Interestingly, in the presence of an inwardly directed ethidium concentration gradient in ATP-depleted cells of Lactococcus lactis, the ABC multidrug transporter LmrA mediated the reverse transport (or uptake) of ethidium with an apparent K(t) of 2.0 microm [5].

Psychiatry related information on ETHIDIUM BROMIDE

• Cooperative behavior with respect to ethidium ion implies the existence of complexes containing at least two molecules of ethidium ion in combination with one or more CpG molecules [6].

High impact information on ETHIDIUM BROMIDE

• Ethidium intercalation in 0.9 M NaCl both removes the negative superhelical turns and dissociates the four histones from the DNA [7].
• Cytofluorometrically purified cells with reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential are initially incapable of oxidizing hydroethidine (HE) into ethidium [8].
• PV IgG and complement also resulted in significant cytotoxicity to cell membranes as assessed using an ethidium bromide-fluorescein diacetate assay [9].
• The entire coding region of the dystrophin mRNA was amplified in 10 sections by reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction, and the products were directly visualised on acrylamide minigels with ethidium staining [10].
• To monitor the simultaneous binding of Pf and Et to QacR, as well as to determine the effects on the binding affinity of one drug when the other drug is prebound, a novel application of near-ultraviolet circular dichroism (UVCD) was developed [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of ETHIDIUM BROMIDE

• Resistance to intercalating dyes (ethidium, acriflavine) and other organic cations, such as quaternary ammonium-type antiseptic compounds, mediated by the Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pSK1 is specified by an energy-dependent export mechanism encoded by the qacA gene [12].
• We evaluated the potential of several dyes [acridine orange, ethidium bromide, ethidium homodimer, bis-benzimide (DAPI), Hoechst 33258 and thiazole orange] to function as suitable reporter molecules and demonstrate that the latter three dyes can be used to monitor the helicase activity of Escherichia coli RecBCD enzyme [13].
• The effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection on the viability of healthy (control) human alveolar macrophages was evaluated by staining with ethidium homodimer and calcein to discriminate live from dead cells [14].
• The techniques employed were CsCl density gradient centrifugation, glycerol gradient centrifugation, and ethidium bromide-CsCl density gradient centrifugation in combination with nucleic acid hybridization, as well as electron microscopy contour length measurements of purified circular EBV DNA [15].
• Cells of E. coli transformed with the cloned ydhE gene showed elevated resistance to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, acriflavine, and tetraphenylphosphonium ion, but not to ethidium, when MICs were measured [16].

Biological context of ETHIDIUM BROMIDE

• In contrast to the "Caltech systems," these conjugates contain ethidium tightly incorporated (as a base pair surrogate) into the DNA base stack, opposite to an abasic site analog [17].
• This was confirmed by the observation that ethidium homodimer incorporation (a measure of plasma membrane integrity) into endothelial cells was increased by angiostatin in a manner similar to that seen with tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), both of which induce apoptosis in endothelial cells [18].
• Control experiments involving rotenone, an inhibitor of the respiratory chain complex I, indicate that the reactive oxygen species responsible for HE --> Eth conversion is generated during mitochondrial electron transport [1].
• Following transfection of FITC-labeled oligonucleotides and ethidium monoazide-labeled plasmid DNA, cellular uptake and intracellular localization of nucleic acids were examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy [19].
• The magnitude of the quantum yield enhancement and the shifts of excitation and emission maxima of bound ethidium suggest that its binding site is within a hydrophobic domain with limited accessibility to the aqueous phase [20].

Anatomical context of ETHIDIUM BROMIDE

• Recent experiments on photoaffinity labeling of mitochondria with monoazide ethidium, which is an anisotropic inhibitor, showed that the inhibitor specifically binds to a hydrophobic protein of the membranes [21].
• P2X(7) function was measured by ATP-induced fluxes of Rb(+), Ba(2+), and ethidium(+) into various lymphocyte subsets and was decreased to values of approximately 25% of normal [22].
• Both ATP-induced ethidium+ uptake and ATP-induced shedding of L-selectin (CD62L) were nearly absent in monocytes from four subjects homozygous for Glu496Ala confirming that this polymorphism impairs P2X7 function [23].
• Additional studies characterized P2z receptor regulation of Ca2+ influx, depolarization, ethidium uptake, and fura-2 loss in native BAC1.2F5 macrophages [24].
• Because previous work has shown that radioisotope release from parasites may be nonspecific, separate experiments were performed to determine the cytotoxicity of LAK cells against antibody-coated trophozoites by using ethidium bromide-acridine orange staining to assess effector cell damage [25].

Associations of ETHIDIUM BROMIDE with other chemical compounds

• X-ray crystallographic visualization of drug-nucleic acid intercalative binding: structure of an ethidium-dinucleoside monophosphate crystalline complex, Ethidium: 5-iodouridylyl (3'-5') adenosine [26].
• RANKL-induced apoptosis was further confirmed using calcein AM/ethidium homodimer-1 dye and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), procaspase 3, and procaspase 9; benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD, the pancaspase inhibitor, suppressed the PARP cleavage [27].
• Homogenates of the aortas were incubated with various substrates for superoxide-producing enzymes, and superoxide production was assessed by fluorogenic oxidation of dihydroethidium to ethidium [28].
• Upon dilution of the proteoliposomes in ammonium-free medium, a pH gradient was formed that drove transport of ethidium and methyl viologen into the proteoliposome [29].
• Similar to LmrA, MsbA interacted with photoactivatable substrate [3H]azidopine, displayed a daunomycin, vinblastine, and Hoechst 33342-stimulated vanadate-sensitive ATPase activity, and mediated the transport of ethidium from cells and Hoechst 33342 in proteoliposomes containing purified and functionally reconstituted protein [30].

Gene context of ETHIDIUM BROMIDE

• A good correlation was found, except for a recB mutant and for an ethidium-sensitive strain, both able to produce as much recA protein as the wild type but 100-fold more sensitive to the drug [31].
• Subsequently, the cells were double-labeled with markers of injury (either Ethidium Homodimer-1 for cellular injury or MitoTracker dye for functional mitochondria) or oxidant stress (5-[and 6]-chloromethyl-2',7'-dicholorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and antibodies specific for the chemoattractants IL-8 or thioredoxin [32].
• N-Ethylmaleimide was shown to inhibit qacC-mediated ethidium export [33].
• A gene coding for a small 110-amino acid membrane protein (emrE or mvrC) has been previously identified and cloned and shown to render Escherichia coli cells resistant to methyl viologen and to ethidium [29].
• Furthermore, it was shown that ethidium binds to both RNA and DNA when it enters CCCP-treated wild-type E. coli cells, whereas it binds mainly to DNA when it enters Ebs and acrA cells in exponential growth [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of ETHIDIUM BROMIDE

• Electron microscopy reveals that ethidium intercalation causes decondensation of dinucleosomes [35].
• Titration with ethidium caused a decrease in S to an early minimum value, than an increase to a first maximum, followed by a decrease to the S of species II [36].
• Using ethidium homodimer cell labeling to evaluate necrosis and terminal dUTP nick-end labeling immunohistochemistry to evaluate apoptosis, this proliferation was accompanied by negligible cell death [37].
• Agarose gel electrophoresis was also used to measure the change in average base rotation angle as a function of temperature by a procedure independent of ethidium dye binding [38].
• When the binding of ethidium is studied by fluorometry, there are 3-4 highly fluorescent sites per tRNA [39].

References