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Wap  -  whey acidic protein

Rattus norvegicus

Synonyms: WAP, Whey acidic protein, Whey phosphoprotein
 
 
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Disease relevance of Wap

 

High impact information on Wap

 

Biological context of Wap

  • We report here the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA insert of p-Wp 52 and shows that it encodes the complete whey phosphoprotein sequence [6].
  • The conservation of the 5' flanking region of the WAP genes may be related to regulation of expression of WAP by peptide and/or steroid hormones [7].
  • Cloning and characterization of 5' upstream promoter region of rat WAP gene [8].
  • We have shown that there are two conserved regions highly similar to hypersensitive sites present in mouse and rabbit upstream region of WAP gene with binding sites for STAT5 transcription factor, essential for expression of WAP gene in mammary glands during lactation [8].
  • We characterized dispersed and tandem repeats in the upstream region of rat WAP gen localized not far away from the translation initiation site [8].
 

Anatomical context of Wap

 

Associations of Wap with chemical compounds

  • Sequence analysis revealed that ps20 protein contains a WAP-type "four-disulfide core" motif and is a novel member of the WAP signature protein family composed primarily of secreted serine protease inhibitors [9].
  • Administration of dexamethasone to adrenal-ectomized mice carrying the +2020 rat WAP transgene during lactation demonstrated that glucocorticoids are required to maintain transgene expression in the mammary gland [14].
  • Using a nuclear run-on assay in the immortalized HC11 mammary epithelial cell line and the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D in MEC in primary culture, the effects of TNF were shown to be mediated by both a decrease in transcription and a decrease in the stability of the whey acidic protein and beta-casein transcripts [15].
  • Problems associated with radiolabelling the tyrosine-free WAP molecule necessitated the fusion of a tyrosine containing protein with the rat milk protein [5].
  • Specific RNAs were detected using alpha-, beta-, and gamma-casein and whey acidic protein nick-translated cDNA and genomic DNA probes by hybridization in situ to pre-mRNAs fractionated on agarose gels containing 10 mM methylmercuric hydroxide [16].
 

Physical interactions of Wap

 

Other interactions of Wap

  • The [35S]RNA probes prepared from rat cDNA for transferrin and for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-caseins, alpha-lactalbumin, and whey acidic protein were used to probe mammary tissue from rats in late pregnancy and at different stages of lactation [17].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Wap

References

  1. High-level expression of the rat whey acidic protein gene is mediated by elements in the promoter and 3' untranslated region. Dale, T.C., Krnacik, M.J., Schmidhauser, C., Yang, C.L., Bissell, M.J., Rosen, J.M. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1992) [Pubmed]
  2. Distal regulatory elements required for rat whey acidic protein gene expression in transgenic mice. Li, S., Rosen, J.M. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) [Pubmed]
  3. Obesity and insulin resistance in human growth hormone transgenic rats. Ikeda, A., Chang, K.T., Matsumoto, Y., Furuhata, Y., Nishihara, M., Sasaki, F., Takahashi, M. Endocrinology (1998) [Pubmed]
  4. Effect of injection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides of GAD isozymes into rat ventromedial hypothalamus on food intake and locomotor activity. Bannai, M., Ichikawa, M., Nishihara, M., Takahashi, M. Brain Res. (1998) [Pubmed]
  5. Generation of polyclonal antibodies against purified rat whey acidic proteins and the synthesis of a tracer fusion protein suitable for use in radioimmunoassays. Krozowski, Z. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. (1989) [Pubmed]
  6. Complete sequence analysis of cDNA clones encoding rat whey phosphoprotein: homology to a protease inhibitor. Dandekar, A.M., Robinson, E.A., Appella, E., Qasba, P.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1982) [Pubmed]
  7. Comparison of the whey acidic protein genes of the rat and mouse. Campbell, S.M., Rosen, J.M., Hennighausen, L.G., Strech-Jurk, U., Sippel, A.E. Nucleic Acids Res. (1984) [Pubmed]
  8. Cloning and characterization of 5' upstream promoter region of rat WAP gene. Jura, J., Jura, J., Murzyn, K., Wegrzyn, P., Zarebski, A. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2005) [Pubmed]
  9. Molecular cloning and expression of ps20 growth inhibitor. A novel WAP-type "four-disulfide core" domain protein expressed in smooth muscle. Larsen, M., Ressler, S.J., Lu, B., Gerdes, M.J., McBride, L., Dang, T.D., Rowley, D.R. J. Biol. Chem. (1998) [Pubmed]
  10. Identification, evolution, and regulation of expression of Guinea pig trappin with an unusually long transglutaminase substrate domain. Furutani, Y., Kato, A., Fibriani, A., Hirata, T., Kawai, R., Jeon, J.H., Fujii, Y., Kim, I.G., Kojima, S., Hirose, S. J. Biol. Chem. (2005) [Pubmed]
  11. Nuclear proteins from lactating mammary glands bind to the promoter of a milk protein gene. Lubon, H., Hennighausen, L. Nucleic Acids Res. (1987) [Pubmed]
  12. The murine whey acidic protein promoter directs expression to human mammary tumors after retroviral transduction. Oztürk-Winder, F., Renner, M., Klein, D., Müller, M., Salmons, B., Günzburg, W.H. Cancer Gene Ther. (2002) [Pubmed]
  13. Nuclear transfer in the bovine using microinjected donor embryos: assessment of development and deoxyribonucleic acid detection frequency. Krisher, R.L., Gibbons, J.R., Gwazdauskas, F.C. J. Dairy Sci. (1995) [Pubmed]
  14. Glucocorticoid regulation of rat whey acidic protein gene expression involves hormone-induced alterations of chromatin structure in the distal promoter region. Li, S., Rosen, J.M. Mol. Endocrinol. (1994) [Pubmed]
  15. Regulation of milk protein gene expression in normal mammary epithelial cells by tumor necrosis factor. Shea-Eaton, W.K., Lee, P.P., Ip, M.M. Endocrinology (2001) [Pubmed]
  16. Isolation and characterization of milk protein nuclear RNAs in rat mammary gland. Brown, T.L., Rosen, J.M. Anal. Biochem. (1986) [Pubmed]
  17. Spatial and temporal expression of transferrin gene in the rat mammary gland. McCracken, J.Y., Molenaar, A.J., Wilkins, R.J., Grigor, M.R. J. Dairy Sci. (1994) [Pubmed]
  18. Effects of compensatory growth on milk protein gene expression and mammary differentiation. Park, C.S., Choi, Y.J., Keller, W.L., Harrold, R.L. FASEB J. (1988) [Pubmed]
 
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