Disease relevance of AFA

• Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum and imperforate anus: a new family with apparently autosomal dominant inheritance [1].
• Cases of ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum reported in the ophthalmic literature are reviewed as are cases of ankyloblepharon occurring as part of the popliteal pterygium syndrome [2].
• AFA and F17 adhesins produced by pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in domestic animals [3].
• A moderate dose of HgCl(2) (8mg/L drinking water-internal dose 148mugHg/kg body weight [bw]/day) caused the fastest AFA response, while the induction was delayed after higher (25mg/L) and lower (1.5 and 3mg/L) doses [4].
• The patients with AA were divided into three subgroups: acute focal (AFA) (n = 8), acute suppurative (ASA) (n = 9), and acute perforated appendicitis (APA) (n = 14), according to the intraoperative findings and histopathologic examination [5].

High impact information on AFA

• Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that activation of PKCalpha by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or ectopic expression of constitutively activated PKCalpha, directs AFAP-110 to colocalize with and bind to the c-Src SH3 domain, resulting in activation of the tyrosine kinase [6].
• Ectopic expression of AFAP-110 in CaOV3 cells rescued PKCalpha-mediated activation of c-Src and elevated tyrosine phosphorylation levels and subsequent formation of podosomes [6].
• In a cell line (CaOV3) that has very little or no detectable AFAP-110, PMA treatment was unable to activate c-Src or effect podosome formation [6].
• The potential roles of AFAP-110 as an SH3/SH2 cytoskeletal binding protein are discussed [7].
• AFAP-110 binds actin filaments directly and multimerizes through a leucine zipper motif [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of AFA

• F17 is often associated with other virulence factors (aerobactin, serum resistance, CNF2 toxin, K99, CS31A or AFA adhesins) on pathogenic E. coli [3].

Biological context of AFA

• One infant had AFA alone, one had Hay-Wells syndrome, characterized by ectodermal dysplasia, and the other 2 had chromosome abnormalities, trisomy 18, and complex chromosome rearrangement, with visceral malformations [9].
• However, false negative genomic probe results are obtained frequently from samples of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, that have been preserved with Davidson's AFA (acetic acid, formaldehyde, alcohol) fixative and that, otherwise, demonstrate pathognomonic TSV lesions by routine histology [10].
• It was interesting to find an association of AFA with hypoplasia of hair, eyelashes, eyebrows and nails and a karyotype of trisomy 18 in this case [11].
• They all hybridized with the CNF2 toxin probe (Vir plasmids) and most of them with the F17 (6 plasmids) or AFA (7 plasmids) probes [12].
• AFA, if they exist, may prove to be useful as immunologic markers of keloids and may help distinguish keloids from hypertrophic scar in the early stages of wound healing [13].

Anatomical context of AFA

• Sex-specific median measurements of BMI, waist circumference, percentage body fat and height defined current anthropometric status, providing four groups for each measure: UFA-low or UFA-high and AFA-low or AFA-high [14].
• Using serial sections of frozen and AFA-fixed tissues from 34 breast cancers, we studied the presence of basement membrane material in the areas of elastosis [15].
• Nutritional status was assessed using objective anthropometric measurements (triceps skinfold, mid upper-arm circumference, midarm muscle area [AMA], midarm fat area [AFA]) and subjective clinical features (temporal muscle atrophy [TMA] and Bichat's fat atrophy [BFA]) [16].
• The mean leukocyte numbers of the ASA and APA groups were significantly higher compared to the AFA group [5].
• One hundred seven teeth with a total of 171 canals with various contents (105 vital pulp, 47 necrotic pulp, and 19 retrieval of root canal filling materials) were measured for root canal length in vivo with the AFA Apex Finder [17].

Associations of AFA with chemical compounds

• With regard to the potential adverse effect of the fixatives used, PCR products were obtained in 100%, 91.5%, 90.5%, and 0% of tumors fixed with AFA, buffered formalin, Holland Bouin, and conventional Bouin's fluid, respectively [18].
• Haloperidol (HAL) (1.0 mg/kg s.c.)+/-amfonelic acid (AFA) (5 mg/kg i.p.) increased striatal DOPA accumulation, increased striatal DA efflux, lowered striatal tissue tyrosine levels, but did not affect microdialysate tyrosine levels [19].
• A dose of thimerosal close to the threshold dose for induction of AFA (2mg/L drinking water-internal dose 118mugHg/kgbw per day), caused a renal Hg(2+) concentration of 1.8mug/g. The autoimmunogen effect of EtHg might therefore be entirely due to Hg(2+) formed from EtHg in the body [4].
• The organic mercury species methylmercury (MeHg) and ethylmercury (EtHg-in the form of thimerosal) induce AFA, while the other manifestations of HgIA seen after treatment with HgCl(2) are present to varying extent [4].
• On the contrary, the increase of AFA revealed a recovery of fat-metabolism (corresponding to RQ decrease) and lipid/carbohydrates oxidation improvement, only in the presence, at the same time, of O2 consumption increase [20].

Other interactions of AFA

• As a molecular tool, the GFG sequence in the H5 loop of the murine Kir6.2 channel was mutated to AFA [21].
• Autoantibodies to filaggrin/deiminated fibrin (AFA) are useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis, and are probably involved in the pathophysiology of the disease [22].
• A Caucasian boy with a de novo complex chromosome rearrangement owing to six chromosome breaks was small for gestation with microcephaly, complex heart defect, hypotonia, left auricular pit, simian creases, and ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum [23].
• It is characterized by coarse, wiry, sparse hair; dystrophic nails; slight hypohidrosis; scalp infections; ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum; hypodontia; maxillary hypoplasia; and cleft lip and palate [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of AFA

• METHODS: In this prospective, randomized study, 160 nulliparous women with AFA were randomly assigned to one of two groups: AEA with ambulation and AEA without ambulation [25].
• Preoperative and postoperative measurements were made following both PRK and LASIK performed with conventional software, modified Aberration-free Profile (AFA) software, and specially designed WASCA software [26].
• The probe was further tested for specificity with in situ hybridizations on AFA-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections [27].
• Serum antifilaggrin autoantibodies were detected by immunoblotting (AFA) and by indirect immunofluorescence ("AKA") [28].
• Western blot analysis indicate that a larger 120-kDa variant of AFAP-110 can be detected in brain and is not detectable in any other tissues examined [29].

References