Disease relevance of Thiosalicylic acid

• The ability of thimerosal-killed Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast cells, which greatly enhance the cell-mediated immune response in C57BL/6J mice, to act as an immunopotentiator against EL 4 lymphoma was investigated [1].
• METHODS: 40 full-term infants aged 6 months and younger were given vaccines that contained thiomersal (diptheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, and in some children Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine) [2].
• Delayed hypersensitivity to thimerosal in RhO(D) immunoglobulin [3].
• Ocular hypersensitivity to thimerosal in rabbits [4].
• The potential toxicity in children seems to be of much more concern to them than the hidden sensitising properties of thiomersal [5].

Psychiatry related information on Thiosalicylic acid

• In addition, claims that complications are caused by adjuvants, preservatives and contaminants [i.e. macrophagic myofasciitis (aluminium), neurotoxicity (thimerosal), and new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (bovine-derived materials)] are discussed [6].
• The male/female ratio indicated that autism (17) and speech disorders (2.3) were reported more in males than females after thimerosal-containing DTaP vaccines, whereas mental retardation (1.2) was more evenly reported among male and female vaccine recipients [7].
• Phase two showed significant associations between cumulative exposures to thimerosal and the following types of NDs: unspecified developmental delay, tics, attention deficit disorder (ADD), language delay, speech delay, and neurodevelopmental delays in general [8].
• RESULTS: Phase one showed significantly increased risks for autism, speech disorders, mental retardation, personality disorders, and thinking abnormalities reported to VAERS following thimerosal-containing DTaP vaccines in comparison to thimerosal-free DTaP vaccines [8].

High impact information on Thiosalicylic acid

• CONTEXT: In July 1999, due to concerns about thimerosal content, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Public Health Service (PHS) recommended suspending hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination at birth except for mothers who had positive or unknown hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status [9].
• In September 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that hospitals resume HBV vaccination at birth with a new thimerosal-free vaccine [9].
• Single corneas of nine patients about to undergo full-thickness corneal keratoplasty were exposed to thiomersal by application of a hydrophilic gel contact lens preserved with this mercurial agent [10].
• Pharmacological agents that increase the endogenous levels of AA by stimulating AA release (melittin) or by inhibiting its reacylation (thimerosal) also promote [3H]2DG uptake by astrocytes [11].
• Thimerosal, an inhibitor of arachidonoyl- CoA:l-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyl transferase or lysophosphocholine acyl transferase (LAT), produced a similar pattern of metabolic abnormality, with decreased incorporation into phospholipid but relative increase into AcylCn [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Thiosalicylic acid

• In the absence of EDNO-induced effects, CPA decreased the frequency and amplitude of STDs recorded before and in the presence of the thromboxane A(2) mimetic U-46619, norepinephrine, or thimerosal [13].
• Light-induced genetic toxicity of thimerosal and benzalkonium chloride in commercial contact lens solutions [14].
• Alteration of the spontaneous systemic autoimmune disease in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice by treatment with thimerosal (ethyl mercury) [15].
• During a 5-year study at the University of Kansas Medical Center, 574 patients were patch tested to the North American Contact Dermatitis Group's standard allergen tray, which included thimerosal [16].
• Both irritant and allergic reactions to thimerosal are consistently negated when triamcinolone acetonide is present in concentrations of 0.1% and 0.025% [17].

Biological context of Thiosalicylic acid

• However interphase oocytes were able to generate Ca2+ transients in response to thimerosal [18].
• Effect of thimerosal in leukemia, in leukemic cell lines, and on normal hematopoiesis [19].
• Reported increases in the prevalence of autism, a highly heritable neuropsychiatric condition, are intensifying public focus on environmental exposures such as thimerosal [20].
• Contaminated tincture of thimerosal used to swab the rubber stoppers of blood culture bottles prior to venting (aerobic) or during blind subculturing after 24 hours of incubation (anaerobic) in the clinical microbiology laboratory was determined to be the cause of the pseudobacteremia [21].
• Exposure to thimerosal, an oxidizing agent that modifies the IP3R without stimulating production of IP3, also initiated down-regulation of IP3R-1, although oscillations initiated by SrCl(2) failed to evoke down-regulation of IP3R-1 [22].

Anatomical context of Thiosalicylic acid

• Following exposure of rabbit aortae (with intact endothelium) to the EDRF stimulators acetylcholine, A23187, or thimerosal, a humoral dilator compound could be assayed in the adventitial superfusate of the vessels [23].
• Activation of endogenous NO formation with thimerosal (10(-5) to 10(-4) mol/L) reduced maximum baroreceptor activity in five of eight experiments to 59 +/- 7% of the control maximum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[24]
• Fertilisation and thimerosal stimulate similar calcium spiking patterns in mouse oocytes but by separate mechanisms [25].
• Subsequent studies with thimerosal alone showed it to induce differentiation in leukemic blasts from three patients and the human leukemia cell lines U937, K562, and KG-1 [19].
• This effect was not reproduced by thimerosal and was also not observed in experiments on cerebellum microsomes [26].

Associations of Thiosalicylic acid with other chemical compounds

• Nonetheless, these oocytes are capable of [Ca2+]i oscillations since they show them in response to the addition of carbachol or thimerosal [27].
• The dramatic increase in production of leukotrienes by neutrophils when a physiological stimulus such as GM-CSF/fMLP is employed in the presence of thimerosal suggests a critical regulatory role of arachidonate reacylation that limits leukotriene biosynthesis in concert with 5-lipoxygenase and cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha activation [28].
• Using single cell video-imaging we have shown that thimerosal evokes repetitive Ca2+ spikes in intact Fura-2-loaded HeLa cells that were similar in shape to those stimulated by histamine [29].
• We have investigated the effects of thimerosal and oxidized glutathione on the binding properties of the InsP3 receptor in permeabilized hepatocytes and liver and cerebellar membranes [30].
• In rat liver cells, the increases in [Ca2+]i induced by TBHP and thimerosal were prevented by microinjection of the cells with the (1,4,5)IP3 receptor antagonist heparin [31].

Gene context of Thiosalicylic acid

• These thimerosal-exposed DC induced increased TH2 (IL-5 and IL-13) and decreased TH1 (IFN-gamma) cytokine secretion from the T cells in the absence of additional thimerosal added to the coculture [32].
• Thimerosal exposure of DC led to the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH), and addition of exogenous GSH to DC abolished the TH2-promoting effect of thimerosal-treated DC, restoring secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12p70 by DC and IFN-gamma secretion by T cells [32].
• The oxidant thimerosal modulates gating behavior of KCNQ1 by interaction with the channel outer shell [33].
• Thimerosal (o-Ethylmercurithio)benzoic acid, TMS), a membrane-impermeable, sulfhydryl-oxidizing agent, has been described to increase the K+ current IKs in KCNE1-injected Xenopus laevis oocytes [33].
• When the incubations were performed in the presence of 100 mM thimerosal, which inhibited PLTP but not CETP activity, the conversion of diLAP-labeled HDL3 into HDL2 was almost completely blocked [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Thiosalicylic acid

• The differentiation effect of ATG was attributable to its preservative, thimerosal, separable from ATG by high pressure liquid chromatography or dialysis [19].
• Thimerosal also caused a concentration-dependent sensitization of InsP3-induced Ca2+ mobilization: half-maximal mobilization of Ca2+ stores occurred with 161 +/- 20 nM InsP3 in control cells and with 62 +/- 5 nM InsP3 after treatment with 10 microM thimerosal [29].
• The thimerosal effect was observed in various Ag-detecting systems including indirect immunofluorescence, immunodiffusion, immunoprecipitation, and flow cytometry [35].
• We hypothesized that autoimmune propensity influences outcomes in mice following thimerosal challenges that mimic routine childhood immunizations [20].
• Because IP3 does not stimulate a normal Ca2+ response in GV-stage oocytes, three alternate methods were used to induce oscillations: thimerosal treatment, electroporation, and sperm factor injection [36].

References