Disease relevance of PAEP

• As in decidual tissues, PAEP mRNA in endometriosis was abundant in the glandular compartment [1].
• We also found that the PAEP gene was expressed in endometriosis and in a borderline endometrioid adenoma [1].
• There was no difference in PP14 concentrations between those women with and without intermenstrual bleeding [2].
• The levels of PP12 were significantly elevated in patients with severe preeclampsia, whereas PP14 levels were unaffected [3].
• PP 14 per total protein in the uterine flushings was significantly correlated with serum E(2) on the day of hCG (r = 0.459; P = 0.009) in natural cycles only but not in stimulated cycles [4].

High impact information on PAEP

• We studied four parathyroid adenomas from three women with heterozygosity (GdB/GdA) for the X-chromosome-linked enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, to determine the number of cells from which the growths arise [5].
• Two women with polycythemia vera and heterozygosity (GdB/GdA) at the X-chromosome-linked locus for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were studied to determine the nature of the cellular origin of their polycythemia [6].
• A neurofibroma, a fibroma, a primary neurofibrosarcoma, and four neurofibrosarcoma metastases from a woman with hereditary neurofibromatosis who was heterozygous (GdB/GdA-) for the X-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were studied to determine the number of cells from which the tumors developed [7].
• The gene structure of prostaglandin D synthase is remarkably analogous to those of other lipocalins, such as beta-lactoglobulin, alpha 2-urinary globulin, placental protein 14, and alpha 1-microglobulin, in terms of number and sizes of exons and phase of splicing of introns [8].
• Human pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 2-globulin (alpha 2-PEG) is the major secretory protein product of the endometrium during embryo implantation and the first few weeks of pregnancy [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of PAEP

• Immunohistological localization of pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 2-globulin (alpha 2-PEG) in endometrial adenocarcinoma and effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate [10].
• Glycodelins GdA and GdS modified by 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride inhibit gp120-CD4 binding and HIV-1 infection in vitro [11].
• RESULTS: Levels of PP14 in uterine flushings of patients with unexplained infertility were significantly lower than those of normal fertile women on days LH +10 and LH +12 [12].
• The levels of PP14 in uterine flushings were significantly increased after the administration of both types of HRT (P < 0.05 for tibolone and P < 0.001 for ccHRT) [13].
• The progestational effects on the endometrium were assessed by histology, uterine bleeding pattern, and biochemical markers of secretion measured in endometrial tissue (E2 and isocitrate dehydrogenase) and serum (placental protein 14) [14].

Biological context of PAEP

• Progesterone-associated endometrial protein (PAEP/PP14) is a 28-kD glycoprotein with sequence homology to beta-lactoglobulins containing a retinol-binding motif [15].
• Substantial variations in the amount of PAEP mRNA during the course of pregnancy were observed, and it was most abundant at the end of the first trimester [1].
• Uterine endocrinology and paracrinology: insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 and placental protein 14 revisited [16].
• Onapristone also affected the production of luteal phase endometrial proteins, as judged by the pronounced reduction in immunostaining of PGDH within the glands and the significant reduction in plasma concentrations of PP14 [17].
• Maternal plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 and placental protein 14 in multifetal pregnancies before and after fetal reduction [18].

Anatomical context of PAEP

• PAEP was not detected in mature red blood cells, platelets, or in cells of the myeloid lineage [15].
• Western immunoblotting of bone marrow cells with rabbit antibodies to PAEP gave a band at 28 kD, and immunocytochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies localized PAEP into the cytoplasm of erythroid precursors representing different stages of the normoblast series [15].
• Progesterone-associated endometrial protein (PAEP) has been isolated from human decidualized endometrium [1].
• In-situ hybridization histochemistry was employed to determine the cellular localization of PAEP mRNA in decidua during pregnancy [1].
• PAEP mRNA was found to be expressed in the glandular epithelium of decidua spongiosa throughout pregnancy [1].

Associations of PAEP with chemical compounds

• The serum progesterone concentration decreased significantly during Danazol treatment, as did the serum levels of 34K IGF-bp and PP14 [19].
• Negative regulation of T cell activation by placental protein 14 is mediated by the tyrosine phosphatase receptor CD45 [20].
• Placental protein 14 (PP14) is the major glycoprotein synthesized by late secretory endometrium and gestational decidua [21].
• We observe that the apoptotic activity requires the presence of sialic acid residues on the complex glycans, as in the case of GdA; however, complex glycans of GdS are non-sialylated [22].
• GdA has high mannose-, hybrid-, and complex-type biantennary oligosaccharides including structures with fucosylated or sialylated N, N'-diacetyllactosediamine (GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc) sequences, which are rare in other human glycoproteins [23].

Regulatory relationships of PAEP

• The genes coding for these two proteins are expressed in separate types of the endometrial cells, with the IGFBP-1 gene being expressed in the stromal and the beta LG/PP14 gene in the glandular epithelial cells [24].

Other interactions of PAEP

• These serum relaxin concentrations were not found to be directly related to the serum concentrations of IGFBP-1, PP14 or the other factors assessed in this study [25].
• PP14 is a 28-kDa glycoprotein [26].
• The results suggest that PP14 is better than CA 125 as a marker for endometrial function in this group of women [27].
• Significantly, PP14 impairs the down-regulation of GATA-3 transcriptional regulator expression that normally accompanies T cell activation, which is a prerequisite for Th1 development [28].
• In this study, we demonstrate that the T cell inhibitor placental protein 14 (PP14; glycodelin) preferentially inhibits Th1 cytokine responses and chemokine expression when present during ex vivo priming of CD4+ T cells [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of PAEP

• IGFBP-1 concentration was negatively correlated with maternal weight (P < 0.001) and body mass index (P < 0.001); PP14 concentration was not correlated with these measurements [29].
• Southern blot analysis of human DNA suggested that PP14 gene sequences encompass some 20 kilobase pairs of the human genomic DNA [30].
• De novo synthesis and secretion of placental protein-14 (PP14) and not PP12 was identified by a novel combination of line immunoelectrophoresis and autoradiography [31].
• PP14 bound to alpha(2)M and MA-alpha(2)M with K(d) values of 167+/-70 and 221+/-56 nM (means+/-S.D.) respectively, as determined by surface plasmon resonance [32].
• Northern blot and reverse transcription-PCR analyses showed that GdS mRNA is expressed in the seminal vesicles and ampulla of the vas deferens [33].

References