Disease relevance of Plg

• Annexin II is secreted into the extracellular environment, where, via interactions with specific proteases and extracellular matrix proteins, it participates in plasminogen activation, cell adhesion, and tumor metastasis and invasion [1].
• Identification of the rat Heymann nephritis autoantigen (GP330) as a receptor site for plasminogen [2].
• Effects of plasminogen and interleukin-1 beta on bone resorption in vitro [3].
• CONCLUSIONS: The blockade of plasminogen activators prevents formation of aneurysms and arterial rupture by inhibiting MMP activation [4].
• Thrombolytic properties of Desmodus rotundus (vampire bat) salivary plasminogen activator in experimental pulmonary embolism in rats [5].

Psychiatry related information on Plg

• As such, localized disruption of IEGs Arc or c-fos by intrahippocampal administration of antisense oligonucleotides or germline disruption of the IEGs c-fos, tissue plasminogen activator, or zif268 impairs consolidation of long-term memory formation, without affecting learning or short-term memory [6].

High impact information on Plg

• Granulosa cell cultures can be stimulated to release plasminogen activator by exposure in vitro either to luteinizing hormone or to dibutyryl cyclic AMP [7].
• Ovarian plasminogen activator: relationship to ovulation and hormonal regulation [7].
• This effect resulted from inhibition of plasminogen activation, and consequently the activation by plasmin of latent transforming growth factor-beta, which is an inhibitor of smooth muscle cell growth [8].
• The accumulation of rat plasminogen in the medium of primary monolayer cultures of adult parenchymal hepatocytes was detected with a quantitative immunological assay [9].
• Interleukin 1 and lipopolysaccharide induce an inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator in vivo and in cultured endothelial cells [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Plg

• Chronic nicotine treatment enhances focal ischemic brain injury and depletes free pool of brain microvascular tissue plasminogen activator in rats [11].
• Variables measured included proteinuria, blood pressure, tubulointerstitial and glomerular matrix accumulation, expression of transforming growth factor-beta(1), fibronectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages, plasma creatinine and urea levels, and glomerular filtration rate [12].
• Effects of vapiprost, a novel thromboxane receptor antagonist, on thrombus formation and vascular patency after thrombolysis by tissue-type plasminogen activator [13].
• Tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and other parameters of fibrinolysis in the early stages of taurocholate acute pancreatitis in rats [14].
• Imidapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, inhibits thrombosis via reduction in aortic plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats [15].

Biological context of Plg

• Comparison of these sequences and the exon structures of the fibronectin and tissue plasminogen activator genes indicates that exons encoding type I and type II repeats have reassorted during evolution [16].
• Because the active form of hepatocyte growth factor is a powerful stimulator of DNA synthesis and cell motility, these findings may be relevant in understanding the role of plasminogen activators in the biology of cancer invasion and metastasis [17].
• Identification and partial characterization by chemical cross-linking of a binding protein for tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) on rat hepatoma cells. A plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1-independent t-PA receptor [18].
• Real-time imaging of the axonal transport of granules containing a tissue plasminogen activator/green fluorescent protein hybrid [19].
• Regulation of urokinase- and tissue-type plasminogen activator gene expression in the rat seminiferous epithelium [20].

Anatomical context of Plg

• Regulation of rat granulosa cell plasminogen activator system: influence of interleukin-1 beta and ovarian follicular development [21].
• FRT cells secrete and expose on the plasma membrane the tissue-type plasminogen activator and, in serum-free cultures, plasminogen induces a rapid loss of FN fibrils [22].
• IL-1 beta has been shown to stimulate a wide range of proteolytic enzymes, including collagenases and plasminogen activators, in particular chondrocytes, synovial cells, and isolated osteoblasts [3].
• Plasminogen zymography showed a 39% reduction of u-PA in the basal ganglia (p < 0.0001); t-PA expression was reduced by 26% in the cortex and by 33% in the basal ganglia (p < 0.0001) [23].
• Tissue plasminogen activator contributes to the late phase of LTP and to synaptic growth in the hippocampal mossy fiber pathway [24].

Associations of Plg with chemical compounds

• Based on immunoprecipitation with specific antisera, we have identified three of these proteins as plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, ceruloplasmin, and complement component C3 [25].
• Blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, plasma levels of free fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in OLETF rats were significantly higher than those in nondiabetic control [Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO)] rats at 29 weeks [26].
• The results suggest that this effect is caused primarily by an inhibition in ECM degradation via serine proteases including the plasminogen system [27].
• Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 messenger RNA expression is induced in rat hepatocytes in vivo by dexamethasone [28].
• The combined effects of orchiectomy and estrogen administration on synthesis of selected hepatic secretory proteins--antithrombin (AT) III, plasminogen, fibrinogen, factor II (prothrombin), factor VII, fibronectin, and albumin--were studied using the isolated rat liver perfused in vitro for ten hours [29].

Physical interactions of Plg

• Plasminogen binding to gp330 could be completely inhibited by the addition of exogenous gp330 [2].
• Thy-1 is a neuronal and glial surface antigen which interacts with matrix proteins and plasminogen activator [30].
• Plasminogen binds specifically to alpha-enolase on rat neuronal plasma membrane [31].
• This study shows that tissue-type plasminogen activator-inhibitor complexes bind in solution to low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), a large heterodimeric ubiquitous membrane receptor [32].
• We have generated a phosphorothioated double-stranded Sp1-decoy oligodeoxynucleotide that effectively blocks Sp1 binding to the promoter region for transcriptional regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [33].

Enzymatic interactions of Plg

• Because it exists in both a mitogenically inactive single-chain form and an active two-chain form, we were interested in determining whether plasminogen activators could properly cleave single-chain hepatocyte growth factor to generate active two-chain hepatocyte growth factor [17].
• These results indicate that autoantibody obtained from the immune deposits in the glomeruli of rats with active Heymann nephritis does not inhibit the binding of plasminogen to gp330 but does significantly alter the urokinase catalyzed activation of plasminogen to plasmin [34].

Regulatory relationships of Plg

• PC12 cells overexpressing tissue plasminogen activator regenerate neurites to a greater extent and migrate faster than control cells in complex extracellular matrix [35].
• Epidermal growth factor stimulates tissue plasminogen activator activity and messenger ribonucleic acid levels in cultured rat granulosa cells: mediation by pathways independent of protein kinases-A and -C [36].
• The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PACAP influences the plasminogen/plasmin system in rat ovary [37].
• Prolactin inhibition of FSH-induced tissue type plasminogen activator expression in cultured rat granulosa cells [38].
• Therefore, we conclude that urokinase-type plasminogen activator stimulates osteoblasts via an IGF-I dependent mechanism [39].

Other interactions of Plg

• This is in agreement with the observation that a great reduction in FN degradation is observed if the cells are pre-incubated with carboxypeptidase B, which prevents plasminogen binding to the cells [22].
• FRT cells also express annexin II, a plasminogen receptor, suggesting that plasmin activity is associated with the pericellular enviroment [22].
• In addition, secretion of plasminogen activators into the medium was unchanged after irradiation, while secretion of Timp2 increased [40].
• There was no significant difference in the binding of the two carbohydrate forms of plasminogen to gp330 [2].
• Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) treatment of rat osteoblast-rich calvarial cells or of the clonal osteogenic sarcoma cells, UMR 106-01, resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of plasminogen activator (PA) activity, and increased production of 3.2 kb mRNA and protein for PA inhibitor -1 (PAI-1) [41].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Plg

• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results demonstrated a time-dependent, saturable, and specifically inhibitable binding of plasminogen to gp330 [2].
• Sequence analysis of an isolated clone identified the serum protein as plasminogen [2].
• Fibrinolytic activity in peritoneal fluid was assayed by zymography, and expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, both regulators of fibrinolytic activity, was assessed in peritoneal tissue and fluid by RT-PCR and bioassay, respectively [42].
• Synthesis of plasminogen in this group of perfusions was progressively decreased as the concentration of DES administered to the rat liver donor increased [29].
• At various times up to 14 days after injury, plasminogen activator expression was analyzed by zymography, plasmin generation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Northern blotting, and in situ hybridization [43].

References