Disease relevance of Synaptic Membranes

• Sera of patients with hepatic encephalopathy strongly inhibit the specific binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid to synaptic membranes [1].
• Changes in glutamate receptors on synaptic membranes associated with hepatic encephalopathy or hyperammonemia in the rabbit [2].
• Amphiphysin, a neuronal protein first identified in chicken synaptic membranes, is the autoantigen of Stiff-Man Syndrome (SMS) associated with breast cancer [3].
• Treatment of synaptic membranes with proteinase K and Staphylococcus aureus V-8 proteinase, a combination of PNGase F and neuroaminidase, heat or acid lowered the 125I-ammodytoxin A specific binding to various extents but never completely abolished it [4].
• The synaptic membrane D2-protein in amniotic fluid from pregnancies with fetal neural tube defects [5].

Psychiatry related information on Synaptic Membranes

• Classical conditioning of the rabbit eyelid response increases glutamate receptor binding in hippocampal synaptic membranes [6].
• A significant increase of guanylylimidodiphosphate (GppNHp)-, fluoride-, and forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase was observed in synaptic membrane preparations from rat cerebral cortex subsequent to chronic electroconvulsive shock (ECS) treatment [7].
• Influence of morphine dependence on GABA-stimulated benzodiazepine binding to mouse brain synaptic membranes [8].
• The efficacy of beta 1-adrenoceptor-G protein coupling was studied in postmortem temporal cortex synaptic membranes from a series of control and Alzheimer's disease subjects [9].
• Antibody reactivity in serum to synaptic membranes from human was investigated in major depressive disorder (N = 20), paranoid schizophrenia (N = 20), schizoaffective psychosis (N = 20), and in controls (N = 20) using Western and Immunoblots and ELISA technique [10].

High impact information on Synaptic Membranes

• Mutant larvae that lack Endophilin fail to take up FM1-43 dye in synaptic boutons, indicating an inability to retrieve synaptic membrane [11].
• Dynamin- and clathrin-coated intermediates may form independently of each other, despite the coupling between the two processes typically observed in synaptic membranes [12].
• NSF's synaptic membrane substrate, the ternary SNARE complex containing syntaxin, SNAP-25, and synaptobrevin, is a 4 x 14 nm rod with a "tail" at one end, corresponding to the N-terminus of syntaxin [13].
• RAB3 and synaptotagmin: the yin and yang of synaptic membrane fusion [14].
• These results, taken together with those of Richards and Hesketh, suggest that the effect of alphaxalone may be mediated by interactions with synaptic membranes that are more specific than simply a generalized change in membrane structure, and that these interactions are affected by sex steroids [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Synaptic Membranes

• The effect of electroshock and treatment with reserpine, amphetamine or lithium chloride on protein kinase activity in synaptic membrane fragments prepared from rat brain was investigated [16].

Biological context of Synaptic Membranes

• The potent alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl pyrethroids, including cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and fenvalerate, act stereospecifically to inhibit binding to rat brain synaptic membranes of sulfur-35-labeled t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate, a new radioligand for the picrotoxinin binding site [17].
• It was shown previously that addition of cyclic AMP (cAMP) to a synaptic membrane fraction incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP stimulated the phosphorylation of two proteins, designated proteins Ia and Ib, found only in nerve tissue [18].
• The apamin binding protein was solubilized from rat brain synaptic membranes using sodium cholate [19].
• The formation of YGG, YGGF, and YGGFM by synaptic membranes could be stimulated 3-fold by the addition of 30 mM NaCl and inhibited by MK-422, an ACE inhibitor, with an IC50 of 3 nM [20].
• The pattern of hydrolysis of neurokinin A by synaptic membranes prepared from pig striatum was similar to that observed with purified endopeptidase-24.11, and hydrolysis was substantially abolished by the selective inhibitor phosphoramidon [21].

Anatomical context of Synaptic Membranes

• Calcium rapidly and irreversibly increases the number of receptors for glutamate (a probable neurotransmitter) in forebrain synaptic membranes by activating a proteinase (calpain) that degrades fodrin, a spectrin-like protein [22].
• We report here the functional exchange of components isolated from the photoreceptor system, which displayed predicted functional characteristics when incubated with recipient adenylate cyclase systems from rat cerebral cortical and hypothalamic synaptic membranes and frog erythrocyte ghosts [23].
• Substance P and [Leu]enkephalin are hydrolyzed by an enzyme in pig caudate synaptic membranes that is identical with the endopeptidase of kidney microvilli [24].
• GABA and benzodiazepine recognition sites located in chromaffin cells interact with each other with modalities similar to those described for GABA and benzodiazepine recognition sites located in synaptic membranes prepared from brain tissue [25].
• An endogenous substrate for adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase has been solubilized, and purified about 5,000-fold to apparent homogeneity, from a particulate fraction of bovine cerebral cortex enriched in synaptic membranes [26].

Associations of Synaptic Membranes with chemical compounds

• We now report that high-affinity saturable binding of 3H-baclofen and 3H-GABA to the GABA B site can be detected in fragments of crude synaptic membranes prepared from rat brain [27].
• Treatment of synaptic membranes with Triton X-100 significantly increases the specific binding of 3H-muscimol [28].
• Interaction of a fluorescent probe with acetylcholine-activated synaptic membrane [29].
• Micromolar calcium stimulates proteolysis and glutamate binding in rat brain synaptic membranes [30].
• A peptide that accumulated as the major product during the proteolysis of arginine vasopressin by rat brain synaptic membranes was isolated and its structure was shown to be the hexapeptide pGlu-Asn-Cys(Cys)-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2 [31].

Gene context of Synaptic Membranes

• ARF6 stimulates clathrin/AP-2 recruitment to synaptic membranes by activating phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase type Igamma [32].
• These findings suggest that Mpp4 coordinates Psd95/Veli3 assembly and maintenance at synaptic membranes [33].
• Single-channel recordings revealed the presence in synaptic membranes of three different potassium channel types (A2, KD, KL), with biophysical properties that could account for the macroscopic currents and resemble those of the Shal, Shab, and Shaw channels described in heterologous expression systems and Drosophila neuronal somata [34].
• These results suggest that the NR1 subunit is modified when it is incorporated into the synaptic membrane, possibly by strengthening its interaction with NR2 or another synaptic protein [35].
• Treatment of rat brain slices with Tat-H-Ras depleted NR2A from the synaptic membrane, decreased endogenous Src activity and NR2A phosphorylation, and decreased the magnitude of hippocampal LTP [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Synaptic Membranes

• Lactulose did not significantly attenuate gamma-aminobutyric acid production under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. gamma-aminobutyric acid determined by the rat synaptic membrane assay showed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.99) with that detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry [37].
• Here we have partially purified a membrane-associated GEP specific for the Rho subfamily (mRho GEP). mRho GEP was extracted from the crude synaptic membrane fraction of rat brain by a combination of detergent and NaCl, and partially purified by several column chromatographies [38].
• Synaptophysin (a presynaptic vesicle protein) levels were quantified by immunoblotting of synaptic membrane fractions isolated from hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, caudate nucleus, and occipital cortex [39].
• In the present study, we determined the effects of calpain treatment of synaptic membranes on GluR1 subunits using western blots with antibodies directed against the C-terminal (C-Ab) and the N-terminal (N-Ab) domains of the proteins, and compared them with the effects of calcium treatment of frozen-thawed brain sections [40].
• Strychnine-insensitive [3H]glycine binding was detected in brain synaptic membranes treated with Triton X-100 using a filtration assay method [41].

References