Disease relevance of sspA

• Starvation-induced expression of SspA and SspB: the effects of a null mutation in sspA on Escherichia coli protein synthesis and survival during growth and prolonged starvation [1].
• The plasmid encoded LlaI R/M system from Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis consists of a bidomain methylase, with close evolutionary ties to type IIS methylases, and a trisubunit restriction complex [2].
• Characterization of a novel RNA regulator of Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora that controls production of extracellular enzymes and secondary metabolites [3].
• Escherichia coli SspA is a transcription activator for bacteriophage P1 late genes [4].
• As SspA and H-NS are highly conserved among Gram-negative bacteria, of which many are pathogenic, the global role of SspA in the stress response and pathogenesis is discussed [5].

High impact information on sspA

• The stringent starvation protein A (SspA) is a RNA polymerase-associated protein and is required for transcriptional activation of bacteriophage P1 late promoters [5].
• However, the role of SspA in gene expression in Escherichia coli is essentially unknown [5].
• In this work, we show that SspA is essential for cell survival during acid-induced stress [5].
• SspA is required for acid resistance in stationary phase by downregulation of H-NS in Escherichia coli [5].
• We demonstrated that SspA/Lpa are required for transcription activation of the P1 late promoter Ps in vitro [4].

Chemical compound and disease context of sspA

• All three new cephalosporins were very active against gram-positive cocci (except enterococci), but mezlocillin was more active against Streptococcus ssp [6].
• Norfloxacin is a new organic acid antimicrobic with an expanded spectrum that includes Staphylococcus spp, most Pseudomonas spp, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ssp anitratus, some streptococci, as well as nearly all enteric bacilli [7].
• Identification and characterization of a cystathionine beta/gamma-lyase from Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris MG1363 [8].
• Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of the Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis DSM7290 cysteine aminopeptidase gene pepC [9].
• Cloning and expression of the gene encoding alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase from Acetobacter aceti ssp. xylinum in brewer's yeast [10].

Biological context of sspA

• Promoters derived from the genes encoding the stringent starvation protein (sspA) from E. coli and S. enterica, but not ansB derived promoters, expressed immunogenic levels of C fragment from multi-copy plasmids in attenuated S. enterica in vivo and, following oral immunization, induced high titre specific anti-tetanus toxoid serum antibodies [11].
• In addition, the S. enterica sspA promoter is able to elicit anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies in mice when the psspA-tetC expression cassette is integrated in single copy on the S. enterica chromosome [11].
• In addition, SspA and Lpa were shown to facilitate the binding of RNAP to Ps late promoter DNA [4].
• RecA relieves negative autoregulation of rdgA, which specifies a component of the RecA-Rdg regulatory circuit controlling pectin lyase production in Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora [12].
• In contrast, phagocytosis of Escherichia coli ssp. was enhanced in both groups (P < 0.001 for both) [13].

Anatomical context of sspA

• We have studied the capacity of human intestinal isolates from the three Lactobacillus species dominating on the human gastrointestinal mucosa, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus and L. paracasei ssp. paracasei, to induce production of IL-10 and IL-12 from human blood mononuclear cells, or monocytes [14].
• The influence of Bacteroides fragilis ssp. fragilis NCTC 9343 and 62/73 endotoxins and Escherichia coli O26:B6 lipopolysaccharide on human embryo fibroblast cultures was examined [15].
• The plastid ribosomal protein s16 (rps16) gene was cloned from potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum cv Desiree) by PCR amplification to obtain a new homologous recombination site of plastid transformation [16].

Associations of sspA with chemical compounds

• Long-term (10 d) viability of arginine-starved isogenic strains shows that sspA+ cultures remain viable significantly longer than delta sspA mutants [1].
• Characterization of a cDNA encoding cysteine proteinase inhibitor from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) flower buds [17].
• The 5'-coding region of these cDNAs is highly polymorphic within Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum, containing mainly a simple sequence repeat encoding histidine and aspartate [18].
• Phytochemical and biological investigation of the roots of the wild Daucus carota ssp. carota afforded three new and four known compounds, including four sesquiterpenes daucane esters (1-3 [new], and 4), one polyacetylene (5), one sesquiterpene coumarin (6), and sitosterol glucoside [19].
• Epithiospecifier protein from broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. italica) inhibits formation of the anticancer agent sulforaphane [20].

Other interactions of sspA

• Maxicell labelling and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) have identified the proteins encoded by sspA and sspB (SspA, SspB) as proteins D27.1 and A25.8, respectively, in the Escherichia coli gene-protein database [1].
• Similarly, the absence of one or more wild-type ssp genes or the presence of multiple copies of wild-type ssp genes had no effect on the expression of the lacZ fusions tested [21].
• The Escherichia coli genes sspA and rnk can functionally replace the Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate regulatory gene algR2 [22].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of sspA

• Therefore, SspA proteins from Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were cloned, expressed, purified and subjected to crystallization trials [23].
• This represents an interesting phenomenon of molecular evolution of bacterial species, as PCR analysis of the region around the deletion indicates that the deletion is not present in T. brockii ssp. finnii and T. brockii ssp. brockii type strain HTD4 [24].
• Cloning and sequence analysis of the X-prolyl-dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase gene (pepX) from Lactobacillus delbrückii ssp. lactis DSM7290 [25].
• Broad spectrum primers were used to amplify a fragment comprising the CP gene and putative ORF6 by RT-PCR from ds-RNA templates originating from 46 Portuguese varieties, totalling 190 samples, including some wild Vitis ssp sylvestris vines, and 2 vines from Slovenia [26].

References