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Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)
 
Chemical Compound Review

Clionasterol     (8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17- [(2R,5R)-5...

Synonyms: AG-G-04202, SureCN3128216, AC1L2JKH, NSC 8096, CTK1H1142, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of Harzol

 

High impact information on Harzol

 

Chemical compound and disease context of Harzol

 

Biological context of Harzol

  • Segregation analysis of the sitosterol levels showed that the phenotype of sitosterolemia was controlled by a rare autosomal recessive gene [15].
  • Plasma cholesterol concentrations increased 120% in the sitosterol-infused rats and 29% in the untreated human homozygotes [16].
  • We investigated hepatic cholesterol homeostasis in four homozygous sitosterolemic subjects from two unrelated families who showed enhanced absorption, diminished removal and increased tissue and plasma concentrations of sitosterol (24-ethyl cholesterol) [16].
  • With recombinant high density lipoprotein particles, the esterification rate of cholesterol by LCAT was only 15% greater than for sitosterol [17].
  • However, whereas FC induces caspase-dependent apoptosis through activation of the unfolded protein response and JNK, sitosterol-induced death is caspase-independent and involves neither the unfolded protein response nor JNK [5].
 

Anatomical context of Harzol

  • As with FC loading, sitosterol-induced macrophage death requires sterol trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum, and sitosterol-enriched endoplasmic reticulum membranes show evidence of membrane protein dysfunction [5].
  • In support of this hypothesis, we show here that macrophages incubated with sitosterol-containing lipoproteins accumulate free sterols and undergo death in the absence of an ACAT inhibitor [5].
  • More than 90% of these radiolabeled sterols underwent exchange at 37 degrees C with unlabeled sterols in vesicles over a period of 12-14 h in the presence of 2% (w/v) albumin. beta-[14C]Sitosterol exchange was characterized by biphasic exchange kinetics, indicative of two pools of sitosterol molecules in the cell membrane [18].
  • Compared with ACAT1, ACAT2 selectively esterified cholesterol even when sitosterol was loaded into the microsomes [17].
  • A recombinant StAR protein lacking the first N-terminal 62 amino acid residues that includes the mitochondrial targeting sequence was shown to stimulate the transfer of cholesterol and beta-sitosterol from liposomes to heat-treated mitochondria in a dose-, time-, and temperature-dependent manner [19].
 

Associations of Harzol with other chemical compounds

 

Gene context of Harzol

 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Harzol

References

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  2. Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Beta-sitosterol Study Group. Berges, R.R., Windeler, J., Trampisch, H.J., Senge, T. Lancet (1995) [Pubmed]
  3. Letter: Beta-sitosterol and chenodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones. Gerolami, A., Sarles, H. Lancet (1975) [Pubmed]
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  5. Sitosterol-containing Lipoproteins Trigger Free Sterol-induced Caspase-independent Death in ACAT-competent Macrophages. Bao, L., Li, Y., Deng, S.X., Landry, D., Tabas, I. J. Biol. Chem. (2006) [Pubmed]
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  10. Dual roles for cholesterol in mammalian cells. Xu, F., Rychnovsky, S.D., Belani, J.D., Hobbs, H.H., Cohen, J.C., Rawson, R.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2005) [Pubmed]
  11. Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer. Dietary cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. Nair, P.P., Turjman, N., Kessie, G., Calkins, B., Goodman, G.T., Davidovitz, H., Nimmagadda, G. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1984) [Pubmed]
  12. beta-Sitosterol, beta-Sitosterol Glucoside, and a Mixture of beta-Sitosterol and beta-Sitosterol Glucoside Modulate the Growth of Estrogen-Responsive Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and in Ovariectomized Athymic Mice. Ju, Y.H., Clausen, L.M., Allred, K.F., Almada, A.L., Helferich, W.G. J. Nutr. (2004) [Pubmed]
  13. Long-term treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in children: effect of sitosterol and bezafibrate. Becker, M., Staab, D., Von Bergman, K. Pediatrics (1992) [Pubmed]
  14. In vitro cytotoxicity of norviburtinal and isopinnatal from Kigelia pinnata against cancer cell lines. Jackson, S.J., Houghton, P.J., Retsas, S., Photiou, A. Planta Med. (2000) [Pubmed]
  15. Genetic analysis of plasma sitosterol, apoprotein B, and lipoproteins in a large Amish pedigree with sitosterolemia. Beaty, T.H., Kwiterovich, P.O., Khoury, M.J., White, S., Bachorik, P.S., Smith, H.H., Teng, B., Sniderman, A. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (1986) [Pubmed]
  16. The effect of increased hepatic sitosterol on the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the rat and sitosterolemic homozygotes. Shefer, S., Salen, G., Bullock, J., Nguyen, L.B., Ness, G.C., Vhao, Z., Belamarich, P.F., Chowdhary, I., Lerner, S., Batta, A.K. Hepatology (1994) [Pubmed]
  17. Compared with Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) 1 and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, ACAT2 displays the greatest capacity to differentiate cholesterol from sitosterol. Temel, R.E., Gebre, A.K., Parks, J.S., Rudel, L.L. J. Biol. Chem. (2003) [Pubmed]
  18. Distribution and movement of sterols with different side chain structures between the two leaflets of the membrane bilayer of mycoplasma cells. Clejan, S., Bittman, R. J. Biol. Chem. (1984) [Pubmed]
  19. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) is a sterol transfer protein. Kallen, C.B., Billheimer, J.T., Summers, S.A., Stayrook, S.E., Lewis, M., Strauss, J.F. J. Biol. Chem. (1998) [Pubmed]
  20. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in the diatoms Rhizosolenia setigera (Brightwell) and Haslea ostrearia (Simonsen). Massé, G., Belt, S.T., Rowland, S.J., Rohmer, M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2004) [Pubmed]
  21. Terpenoid biosynthesis from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose in higher plants by intramolecular skeletal rearrangement. Arigoni, D., Sagner, S., Latzel, C., Eisenreich, W., Bacher, A., Zenk, M.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1997) [Pubmed]
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  24. LXR/RXR ligand activation enhances basolateral efflux of beta-sitosterol in CaCo-2 cells. Field, F.J., Born, E., Mathur, S.N. J. Lipid Res. (2004) [Pubmed]
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  27. Evaluation of RNA messengers involved in lipid trafficking of human intestinal cells by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction with competimer technology and microchip electrophoresis. Cantàfora, A., Blotta, I., Rivabene, R., Pisciotta, L., Bertolini, S. Electrophoresis (2003) [Pubmed]
  28. Disposition and sterol-lowering effect of ezetimibe are influenced by single-dose coadministration of rifampin, an inhibitor of multidrug transport proteins. Oswald, S., Giessmann, T., Luetjohann, D., Wegner, D., Rosskopf, D., Weitschies, W., Siegmund, W. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2006) [Pubmed]
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  31. New model to study cholesterol uptake in the human intestine in vitro. Sviridov, D.D., Safonova, I.G., Nano, J.L., Pavlov, M.Y., Rampal, P., Repin, V.S., Smirnov, V.N. J. Lipid Res. (1993) [Pubmed]
  32. Disposition and sterol-lowering effect of ezetimibe in multidrug resistance-associated protein 2-deficient rats. Oswald, S., Westrup, S., Grube, M., Kroemer, H.K., Weitschies, W., Siegmund, W. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2006) [Pubmed]
 
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