Disease relevance of Gram-Positive Cocci

• One such modifying enzyme, the 3'-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, which is produced by Gram-positive cocci such as Enterococcus and Streptococcus inactivates a broad range of aminoglycosides by ATP-dependent phosphorylation of specific hydroxyl residues on the antibiotics [1].
• Moxalactam disodium was more active against some Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas maltophilia, and Bacteroides fragilis but less active against gram-positive cocci [2].
• MICs of carumonam were less than or equal to 0.5 microgram/ml for 91% of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and less than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml for 88% of nonfermenters; gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria were resistant [3].
• Ciprofloxacin was active against Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium species, Clostridium perfringens, and gram-positive cocci [4].
• Dispersal in Campylobacter spp. of aphA-3, a kanamycin resistance determinant from gram-positive cocci [5].

High impact information on Gram-Positive Cocci

• Entry of L. monocytogenes into cells is mediated by internalin, a repeat protein reminiscent of surface antigens from gram-positive cocci [6].
• Identification, classification, and clinical relevance of catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci, excluding the streptococci and enterococci [7].
• The proline repeat region of the Sfb protein shares characteristic features with proline-rich repeats of functionally distinct surface proteins from pathogenic Gram-positive cocci [8].
• Published reports on the in vitro activity of temafloxacin indicate its activity against gram-positive cocci is equal to or slightly greater than that of ciprofloxacin, and generally twofold greater than that of ofloxacin [9].
• Against aerobic gram-positive cocci, aztreonam possessed no clinically useful activity [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Gram-Positive Cocci

• Oral ciprofloxacin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of infections due to gram-positive cocci and gram-negative rods [11].
• Ceftazidime pentahydrate was more active against P aeruginosa but less active against gram-positive cocci [2].
• Furthermore, the use of these drugs, with the exception of moxalactam, which has insufficient activity against gram-positive cocci, obviates the four problems just cited [12].
• The clinical efficacy of ceftazidime against infections caused by the gram-positive cocci, particularly Staphylococcus species, was surprisingly good (85 percent) and similar to the efficacy achieved in the cefamandole-treated patients (85 percent) [13].
• Linezolid is a new oxazolidinone with activity against gram-positive cocci [14].

Biological context of Gram-Positive Cocci

• These results indicate that, except for streptomycin, nucleic acid hybridization is a valid approach for the detection and characterization of aminoglycoside resistance in gram-positive cocci [15].
• Virulence factor expression by Gram-positive cocci exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of linezolid [16].
• The presentations in this symposium dealt with some of the important problems of antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive cocci, including methicillin resistance and multidrug resistance in staphylococci, penicillin resistance in pneumococci, and vancomycin resistance in enterococci [17].
• Phylogenetic and comparative genome analyses suggest that the genes for mevalonate biosynthesis in gram-positive cocci, which are highly divergent from those of mammals, were horizontally transferred from a primitive eukaryotic cell [18].
• Amino acid sequence of PLBP peptides is similar to substrate binding proteins of ABC transporters in other Gram-positive cocci [19].

Anatomical context of Gram-Positive Cocci

• We now add vancomycin to empiric third-generation cephalosporin therapy for meningitis in children when gram-positive cocci are seen on the cerebrospinal fluid smear [20].
• Samples of skin surface bacteria from 28 healthy subjects plated directly on to selective and non-selective media revealed that the proportion of aerobic coryneforms and furazolidone-resistant Gram-positive cocci (FURECs) resistant to erythromycin was significantly greater in the fourth toe cleft than in the axilla (P < 0.05) [21].
• The effect of linezolid on the phagocytic and bactericidal functions of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) against gram-positive cocci was evaluated [22].
• Abscess-forming inflammatory granulation tissue with Gram-positive cocci and prominent eosinophil infiltration in cats: possible infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus [23].
• One hundred catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, Gram-positive cocci isolated in significant numbers from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections, provisionally subdivided by their sensitivity to nonoviocin, were classified according to a slightly model version of Baird-Parker's schemes (1965 and 1972) [24].

Gene context of Gram-Positive Cocci

• In contrast, in response to the gram-positive cocci, the lpr animals had similar or lower numbers of PMN [25].
• RWJ-54428 did not select resistant mutants of MRSA or enterococci in challenge experiments and has the potential to be useful for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive cocci [26].
• Functional analysis of glycosyltransferase genes from Lactococcus lactis and other gram-positive cocci: complementation, expression, and diversity [27].
• Its in vitro activity was assessed against 472 gram-positive cocci, largely selected as epidemiologically unrelated isolates with multidrug resistance [26].
• Group B streptococci and other gram-positive cocci bind to cytokeratin 8 [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gram-Positive Cocci

• Over a period of 18 months we have evaluated the use of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence analysis as a means of identifying aerobic catalase-negative gram-positive cocci in the clinical laboratory [29].
• To determine to what extent methodological differences affect susceptibility testing parameters for linezolid, MICs and disk inhibition zones were compared using the methods described by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards and the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for 198 strains of gram-positive cocci [30].
• Then, by detection of muramic acid in a hydrolysate and by transmission electron microscopy, they are identified as decomposed ('exploded') gram-positive cocci [31].
• An amniocentesis was performed and revealed a gram stain positive for many gram positive cocci as well as a glucose of < 2 mg% [32].
• Five aminoglycoside antibiotics including gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, amikacin and netilmicin were comparatively tested in vitro against 283 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae and Gram-positive cocci, using the agar dilution technique according to I.C.S. recommendations [33].

References