Disease relevance of Tularemia

• Modulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity and cellular immunity to microbial vaccines: effects of cyclophosphamide on the immune response to tularemia vaccine [1].
• A microagglutination test with safranin-stained Francisella tularensis antigen was compared with a conventional tube agglutination test for the serodiagnosis of tularemia [2].
• In the diagnostic evaluation of a lymphocyte-rich exudative pleural effusion with a high adenosine deaminase concentration, a possible cause to consider is tularemia [3].
• Thus, the activity of adenosine deaminase may be high also in tularemia pleuritis [4].
• In addition, four tularemia patients were treated with an oral regimen of 750 mg ciprofloxacin b.i.d. and one patient with norfloxacin 400 mg b.i.d. The fever experienced by these volunteers vanished within a couple of days and they were able to resume normal work one week after receiving the antibiotics without any relapses later [5].

High impact information on Tularemia

• The present study explores the interactions between lymphocytes and monocytes that are required for expression of procoagulant activity (PCA) by monocytes in response to purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacillus (PPD) or tularemia antigen [6].
• These findings suggest that rapid presumptive aminoglycoside therapy (gentamicin sulfate or streptomycin sulfate) should be considered soon after tularemia is suspected, especially for patients with serious underlying medical disorders [7].
• Tularemia and once-daily gentamicin [8].
• These results demonstrate that exogenous IL-12 delivered intranasally can prevent respiratory tularemia through a mechanism that is at least partially dependent upon the expression of IFN-gamma and CD8 T cells [9].
• The highest levels of interleukin-2 and gamma interferon were recorded during the second and third weeks, respectively, after tularemia onset [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Tularemia

• Donor immunization was achieved by administering live attenuted tularemia vaccine and, subsequently, the virulent streptomycin-sensitive SCHU S4 strain of F. tularensis [11].
• Treatment of tularemia with ciprofloxacin [12].
• This study describes the clinical characteristics of tularemia in Spain's first epidemic outbreak and the therapeutic response and compares the efficacy of 3 antibiotics (streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline) [13].
• We conclude that the quinolones appear promising for the treatment of even severe tularemia, and they should be considered efficacious alternative agents for patients who do not require parenteral therapy or are intolerant of more standard treatment regimens [14].
• Streptomycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline are currently considered the antimicrobials of choice for the treatment of tularemia [14].

Anatomical context of Tularemia

• Treatment of guinea pigs with cyclophosphamide before immunization with killed tularemia vaccine in Freund incomplete adjuvant produced a prolongation and intensification of delayed-type hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation reactions to tularemia antigen [1].
• In both infections, expected infection-induced catabolic alterations in the ventricular myocardium were evident 2 days before median lethality was achieved, with a more pronounced wasting in influenza than in tularemia [15].
• The diagnosis was first established by results of bacteriologic cultures of fine-needle aspirates obtained from lymph nodes and confirmed by results of ELISA and a polymerase chain reaction assay Successful and timely antemortem diagnosis of tularemia in dogs can be accomplished through lymph node aspiration and bacteriologic culture [16].
• The behavior of leukocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in tularemia caused by Type B of Francisella tularensis was analyzed in different clinical forms and severities of disease in 101 adult tularemia patients [17].
• The differential diagnosis of myocardial tuberculosis includes sarcoidosis, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, giant-cell-containing tumors, idiopathic (giant-cell) myocarditis, and bacterial infections such as tularemia and brucellosis [18].

Gene context of Tularemia

• Interleukin 2 and gamma interferon production, interleukin 2 receptor expression, and DNA synthesis induced by tularemia antigen in vitro after natural infection or vaccination [19].
• Relationship of serum beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme to pathogenesis of tularemia in immune and nonimmune rats [20].
• Activation of acid hydrolases, such as cathepsin D and beta-glucuronidase, occurred in tularemia but not in influenza, whereas leakage of beta-glucuronidase into the plasma occurred in both infections [21].
• In tularemia, cytochrome c oxidase activity was fully preserved with preconditioning, and activation of catalase was less pronounced [15].
• PCR analysis for a 211-bp fragment of the FT lipoprotein gene was performed on tissues from 16 cases of tularemia [22].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Tularemia

• 31 subjects with tularemia recently or up to 11 years earlier were studied for cell-mediated immunity against Francisella tularensis using formalin-killed bacteria as antigen in the lymphocyte blast transformation test [23].
• Today, detection by polymerase chain reaction has become an important adjunct to clinical decisions for the early diagnosis of tularemia [24].

References