Disease relevance of Chewing Gum

• The plasma nicotine levels obtained with hourly gum chewing were compared with levels obtained with cigarette smoking in nine patients with lung disease [1].
• The effects of xylitol-containing chewing gums on dental plaque and acidogenic potential [2].
• We conclude that maternal use of xylitol chewing gum can prevent dental caries in their children by prohibiting the transmission of MS from mother to child [3].
• The short-term effect of nicotine chewing gum in patients with Parkinson's disease [4].
• Silver acetate chewing gum, a nonprescription medication, produces an unpleasant metallic taste in the mouth of individuals who consume tobacco products in conjunction with this smoking deterrent [5].

Psychiatry related information on Chewing Gum

• In quitters substituted with nicotine chewing gum (2 mg) the accumulated number of pieces of chewing gum used in the 12 weeks had an inverse relationship with the decrease in the total lymphocyte blood count at 12 weeks after smoking cessation [6].
• Time course of cigarette withdrawal symptoms during four weeks of treatment with nicotine chewing gum [7].
• However, the chewing gum neither increased performance or reaction time nor decreased any ERP latencies or amplitudes, as has been reported after cigarette smoking [8].

High impact information on Chewing Gum

• The use of nicotine chewing gum combined with psychological support improves the success rate in quitting smoking [9].
• BACKGROUND: Insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk profile were examined in 20 healthy, nonobese, middle-aged men who were long-term users of nicotine-containing chewing gum and in 20 matched control subjects who did not use nicotine [10].
• Other dietary factors (eg, the presence of buffers in dairy products; the use of sugarless chewing gum, particularly gum containing xylitol; and the consumption of sugars as part of meals rather than between meals) may reduce the risk of caries [11].
• OBJECTIVE: We assessed the acute thermogenic effects of chewing gum containing different doses of nicotine and caffeine [12].
• For those TD patients on haloperidol, significant reductions occurred in tic frequency and severity during the gum-chewing and the two postgum-chewing periods [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Chewing Gum

• The effect of sorbitol (SOR), xylitol (XYL), and the mixture XYL/SOR in chewing gums on dental plaque was studied in three groups of 7 adults (mean age 22.5 years) [14].
• The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of sugar-free chewing gums containing various amounts of urea on the pH recovery in dental plaque [15].
• Menthol is widely used in candy, chewing gum, toothpastes, cigarettes and common cold medications [16].
• Effects on dental caries incidence of frequent ingestion of small amounts of sugars and stannous EDTA in chewing gum [17].
• The aim of this crossover study was to investigate the effect and preferences of a sugar-free chewing gum (Freedent White) and a xanthan gum-based artificial saliva (Xialine) in the management of xerostomia in chronic HD patients [18].

Biological context of Chewing Gum

• Serum lipids, blood pressure, catecholamine concentrations in serum and urine, platelet volume and platelet function in vitro were assessed during an initial phase of continued smoking, after stopping smoking during nicotine gum chewing, and after abstaining from both smoking and gum chewing [19].
• When compared with baseline values, nicotine gum chewing increased systolic and diastolic blood pressures by 6.2 and 7.0 mm Hg, respectively (p less than 0.001), heart rate by 5.5 beats/min (p less than 0.01), and plasma adrenaline levels by 0.03 nmol/L (p less than 0.025), whereas skin temperatures fell by 1.3 degrees C (p less than 0.001) [20].
• Nicotine chewing gum: effectiveness and the influence of patient education in a family practice [21].
• Pregnant, habitually smoking women were studied during the last trimester when smoking a standard cigarette, smoking a nontobacco cigarette, or chewing a piece of chewing gum containing 2 or 4 mg. of nicotine [22].
• OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of absorption and relative bioavailability of caffeine from a Stay Alert chewing gum and capsule formulation [23].

Anatomical context of Chewing Gum

• Comparing F, urea and placebo gums, the data showed that there was little or no difference between the products, except for an inhibitory effect on the chewing side of the dentition after using F chewing gums [24].
• The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics of the occlusal phase during gum chewing in children with primary dentition [25].
• Half of the patients chewed one piece of chewing gum (dose: 3.6 mg of miconazole) four times daily; the other half dispersed a 2% gel (dose: 50 mg of miconazole) in the oral cavity four times daily [26].

Associations of Chewing Gum with chemical compounds

• We studied the effectiveness of chewing gum containing nicotine, in combination with group counseling, for subjects who were attempting to stop smoking [27].
• An application study on the release of menthone and menthol from chewing gum by a group of six test persons was performed [28].
• We thus hypothesized that 5-HT descending inhibitory pathways may be enhanced by rhythmic behavior of gum chewing in humans [29].
• Effect of after-meal sucrose-free gum-chewing on clinical caries [30].
• Subjects in the "Gum" group were instructed to chew one stick of a commercially available sorbitol-sweetened chewing gum for 20 minutes after meals, three times daily [30].

Gene context of Chewing Gum

• The response of plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) to nicotine administered by chewing gum (Nicorette, 2 mg) was examined in nine healthy volunteers [31].
• Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions by sugar-free chewing gum containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate [32].
• Chewing gum on a Laryngeal Mask Airway [33].
• NPO includes chewing gum [34].
• More than 2/3 of the patients found the mucin chewing gum efficient at various times and situations [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Chewing Gum

• Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of nicotine chewing-gum [36].
• After 1 month the percentage of confirmed non-smokers in the nicotine gum group was 34%, in placebo chewing gum group 37% and the control group 24% [37].
• Xylitol chewing gums and caries rates: a 40-month cohort study [38].
• DESIGN: Altogether, 857 healthy children recruited from day care centers were randomized to one of five treatment groups to receive control syrup (n = 165), xylitol syrup (n = 159), control chewing gum (n = 178), xylitol gum (n = 179), or xylitol lozenge (n = 176) [39].
• An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of the active compounds paracetamol, pseudoephedrine and chlorpheniramine in chewing gum samples has been developed and validated [40].

References