Disease relevance of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

• Nevirapine-induced withdrawal symptoms in HIV patients on methadone maintenance programme: an alert [1].
• Characterization of tobacco withdrawal symptoms: transdermal nicotine reduces hunger and weight gain [2].
• Thrombocytosis was not related to withdrawal symptoms or treatment (phenobarbital or paregoric) [3].
• These include the possibility of adrenal insufficiency after discontinuation of steroid therapy, recurrence of underlying disease as the glucocorticoid is being withdrawn, and the possibility of steroid withdrawal symptoms [4].
• Ten patients had local side effects in the form of hoarseness and/or sore throat, and 13 patients had steroid withdrawal symptoms such as arthralgia and myalgia [5].

Psychiatry related information on Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

• Clonidine hydrochloride has been reported to reduce tobacco withdrawal symptoms and facilitate smoking cessation [6].
• In addition, there is little evidence of tolerance to the hypnotic effects of zolpidem, or rebound insomnia or withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of the drug when it is given as recommended (10 mg/day for < 1 month) or over longer periods [7].
• CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the ability of caffeine to reinforce changes in flavour liking are driven by the alleviation of withdrawal symptoms among habitual caffeine consumers and provide further support for the negative reinforcement theory [8].
• Precipitated withdrawal symptoms were evident after 3 and 7 days of lorazepam pretreatment, and there was a tendency toward precipitated withdrawal symptoms (that included one panic attack) after 14 days of lorazepam pretreatment [9].
• BACKGROUND: Personality psychopathology exerts a significant and independent effect on the course of benzodiazepine (BZ) discontinuation, worsening the subjective severity of withdrawal symptoms and significantly increasing the occurrence of early taper failures [10].

High impact information on Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

• Among patients who had withdrawal symptoms at base line, vital signs became normal more rapidly in the patients receiving atenolol, and their abnormal behavior and clinical characteristics also resolved more rapidly [11].
• Abrupt discontinuation of use of sedatives such as benzodiazepines and ethanol can also produce PMS-like withdrawal symptoms [12].
• Clonidine and alprazolam diminished withdrawal symptoms [13].
• Withdrawal symptom relief can be improved with more complete nicotine replacement [14].
• A dose-response relationship was observed with higher patch doses, which produced a higher percentage of cotinine replacement and better withdrawal symptom relief [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

• When placebo was substituted, seven of the eight subjects were observed to have withdrawal symptoms and two relapsed to smoking or nicotine gum [15].
• These findings indicate that maintenance of the pregnant addict under closely supervised methadone therapy is compatible with an uneventful pregnancy and birth of a healthy infant whose withdrawal symptoms in the neonatal period are readily controllable [16].
• Failure of buspirone to protect against lorazepam withdrawal symptoms [17].
• Reductions in serum levels of steroid hormones appear to result in acute hyperadrenergic withdrawal symptoms that respond to steroid replacement or to agents that also ameliorate withdrawal symptoms in alcohol and opioid dependence [18].
• Withdrawal symptoms after six weeks' treatment with diazepam [19].

Biological context of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

• Randomized trial of acupuncture for nicotine withdrawal symptoms [20].
• METHODS: We sequenced DNA from Taiwanese Han to screen for genetic variation in the coding, promoter, and partial 3' untranslated regions of the HTR1B locus of 158 alcohol-dependent cases with withdrawal symptoms and 149 control subjects, who either never drank or drank only occasionally and in low quantities [21].
• This study shows that when these people abstain from nicotine gum use they experience withdrawal symptoms similar to those found during cigarette withdrawal, including increased irritability, difficulty in concentrating and a drop in heart rate [22].
• Reported experience of withdrawal symptoms was positively related to self-reports of cigarette consumption and depth of inhalation and nicotine intake as indexed by salivary cotinine concentrations [23].
• However, clonidine lowered blood pressure and buprenorphine provided more effective early relief of withdrawal symptoms [24].

Anatomical context of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

• Thus, the activity of aminopeptidase N in the hippocampus and soluble puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase in the frontal cortex were found to be lower in rats experiencing naloxone precipitated withdrawal symptoms, compared to the corresponding controls [25].
• Neurochemical analysis from these animals revealed that the alcohol-dependent animals displayed a significant reduction of DOPAC and 5-HIAA levels in the striatum, frontal cortex, and hypothalamus after a 9-h withdrawal period, further implicating the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in mediation of withdrawal symptoms and alcohol craving [26].
• Moreover, using the WHO system of organ classification, the ratio of central nervous system to psychiatric withdrawal symptoms was 1.9 and 2.1 for paroxetine and sertraline, respectively, whereas that for fluoxetine was 0.48, indicating a possible qualitative difference between the SSRIs with respect to the nature of the withdrawal syndrome [27].
• A 47-year-old woman who underwent allogenic peripheral blood stem cell transplant developed withdrawal symptoms soon after Fentanyl 25 mcg/h patch was stopped, which has not been reported at this dose [28].
• RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Naloxone-induced withdrawal contracture or acetylcholine-induced contracture of the ileum was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that sinomenine can inhibit morphine withdrawal symptoms in guinea pigs [29].

Gene context of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

• Association analyses between polymorphisms of the phase II detoxification enzymes (GSTM1, NQO1, NQO2) and alcohol withdrawal symptoms [30].
• In this study, association analyses were re-examined between the polymorphisms of the promoter region of the CCKAR gene and patients with alcohol withdrawal symptoms, in addition to patients with alcoholic liver injury [31].
• The results of the present study suggest strongly the possible role of cyclooxygenases, particularly COX-2 inhibitors, on ethanol-induced withdrawal symptoms and the potential use of COX-2 inhibitors in their prevention and treatment [32].
• Pretreatment with COX-inhibitors rofecoxib (2 mg/kg, i.p.) or nimesulide (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) displayed significant protection against ethanol-induced withdrawal symptoms, while naproxen (7 mg/kg, i.p.) was not effective in reversing alcohol-induced withdrawal symptoms [32].
• Rifampicin (rifampin), phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, nevirapine, and efavirenz decrease methadone blood concentrations, probably by induction of CYP3A4 activity, which can result in severe withdrawal symptoms [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

• OBJECTIVE: The study examined the effectiveness of amantadine in reducing cocaine withdrawal symptoms and improving treatment outcome among cocaine-dependent patients in outpatient treatment [34].
• Nicotine withdrawal symptoms were measured by visual analog scale scores recorded in a daily diary for 14 days; smoking cessation was confirmed objectively [20].
• CONCLUSION: This form of electroacupuncture is no more effective than placebo in reducing nicotine withdrawal symptoms [20].
• Neither reports of subjective withdrawal symptoms nor reduction of symptoms after extra methadone predicted methadone self-administration, but dose selections were more likely when urinalysis results indicated recent illicit opiate use [35].
• The severity of the deficit in brain reward function in this animal model suggests that affective fentanyl withdrawal symptoms may be a strong deterrent to abstinence [36].

References