Disease relevance of Complement Pathway, Alternative

• Roles of the Alternative Complement Pathway and C1q during Innate Immunity to Streptococcus pyogenes [1].
• The present studies examined the role of the host-determined sialic acid content of Sindbis virus on activation of the alternative complement pathway [2].
• In addition, the H1N1 influenza virus also directly activated the alternative complement pathway in human serum, leading to C3 and properdin deposition on the viral envelope [3].
• Notably, thrombus formation was absent in spleens of C2/factor B(-/-) mice, suggesting that the alternative complement pathway contributes to shock-induced intravascular coagulation [4].
• These data imply that activation of the alternative complement pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of localized heat urticaria and that mast cell histamine release does not play a significant role in this disease [5].

Psychiatry related information on Complement Pathway, Alternative

• Reduced alternative complement pathway control protein levels in anorexia nervosa: response to parenteral alimentation [6].

High impact information on Complement Pathway, Alternative

• Variants in the factor H gene (CFH, also known as HF1), which encodes a major inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway, are associated with the risk for developing AMD [7].
• Recurrent septicemia associated with congenital deficiency of C2 and partial deficiency of factor B and the alternative complement pathway [8].
• Phagocytosis of particulate activators of the alternative complement pathway: effects of fibronectin [9].
• The ability of B. rodhaini to penetrate red cells depends on factors of the alternative complement pathway (properdin and factor B) as well as ionic magnesium and the third (C3) and the fifth (C5) components of complement [10].
• Staphylococcal complement inhibitor bound and stabilized C3 convertases, interfering with additional C3b deposition through the classical, lectin and alternative complement pathways [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Complement Pathway, Alternative

• The potential of the negative regulatory protein H of the alternative complement pathway convertase and of heparin in modulating the complement-dependent capacity of fresh serum to inhibit immune complex precipitation (CIICP) between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit anti-BSA as well as tetanus toxoid (TT) and human anti-TT was assessed [12].
• The primary structure of human D, the serine protease activating the C3 convertase of the alternative complement pathway, has been deduced by sequencing peptides derived from various chemical (CNBr and o-iodosobenzoic acid) and enzymatic (trypsin, lysine protease, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and chymotrypsin) cleavages [13].
• These results are discussed in relation to the ability of listeriae to activate the mouse alternative complement pathway in vitro and the effectiveness of dextran sulfate and the failure of heparin in functioning as an adjuvant in the induction of a protective response in mice by a heat-inactivated listeria vaccine [14].
• A glycerol lipoteichoic acid antigen from Streptococcus pyogenes 1-RP41 was found by rabbit erythrocyte hemolytic assay to activate the alternative complement pathway in human sera [15].
• Partial removal of glycan chains with Streptococcus mitis SK96 glycosidases diminished the capacity of IgA antibodies to interfere with antigen-mediated C3b fixation by the alternative complement pathway [16].

Biological context of Complement Pathway, Alternative

• Elevated levels of plasma C3 were detected in mice deficient in complement components required for activation of either the classical or alternative complement pathways, supporting the hypothesis that there is continuous complement activation and C3 consumption through both these pathways in vivo [17].
• Role of the classical and alternative complement pathways in chemotaxis and opsonization: studies of human serum deficient in C4 [18].
• In normal rats, the xenobiotic K76 inhibited the C5 and probably the C2 and C3 steps of complement and effectively depressed classical complement pathway activity, alternative complement pathway activity, and the C3 complement component during and well beyond the drug's 3-hr half-life [19].
• Kinetics studies employing C2-deficient or MgEGTA-chelated serum revealed that S. epidermidis induced chemotactic activity by activating the alternative complement pathway [20].
• Modulation of cell growth was evaluated by tritiated thymidine incorporation while inhibition of complement activity was measured on both classical and alternative complement pathways (CP and AP respectively) [21].

Anatomical context of Complement Pathway, Alternative

• The presence of mRNA for factors H, B, and I, together with C3 secretion, demonstrated by others, suggests that endothelial cells can assemble the complete alternative complement pathway [22].
• Activation of the alternative complement pathway by exposure of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine on erythrocytes from sickle cell disease patients [23].
• Here, we show that factor H (HF1), the major inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway, accumulates within drusen and is synthesized by the retinal pigmented epithelium [24].
• A beta-glucan inhibitable receptor on human monocytes: its identity with the phagocytic receptor for particulate activators of the alternative complement pathway [25].
• Activation of C3 via the alternative complement pathway results in fixation of C3b to the pneumococcal cell wall [26].

Associations of Complement Pathway, Alternative with chemical compounds

• The critical role of the sialic acid residues in allowing the organism to evade activating the alternative complement pathway was shown when neuraminidase treatment of the organism converted the bacteria to activators of the alternative pathway as assessed in agammaglobulinemic serum [27].
• Surface-associated heparin inhibits zymosan-induced activation of the human alternative complement pathway by augmenting the regulatory action of the control proteins on particle-bound C3b [28].
• In the absence of exogenous complement, the binding and ingestion of promastigotes, which are good activators of the alternative complement pathway, were inhibited by the anti-CR3 monoclonal antibody M1/70, by the Fab portion of an anti-C3 antibody, or by the nucleophile, sodium salicyl hydroxamate, an inhibitor of C3 fixation [29].
• The lipid A region of the LPS is responsible for classical pathway activation and the polysaccharide region responsible for properdin pathway activation [30].
• At 2 mg/ml of serum diluted 1/2 in 8 mM EGTA/2 mM Mg, nonturbid preparations of mannan, laminarin, or pyrogen-free inulin and turbid suspensions of cellulose, Sephadex, agarose, or purified inulin failed to activate the alternative complement pathway [31].

Gene context of Complement Pathway, Alternative

• We propose that GPI-anti-GPI complexes on articular surfaces initiate an inflammatory cascade via the alternative complement pathway, which is unbridled because the cartilage surface lacks the usual cellular inhibitors [32].
• Complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry) is a murine membrane protein that regulates the activity of both classical and alternative complement pathways [33].
• The development of severe SLE in the absence of both classical and alternative complement pathways suggests that it is the absence of C4, and not the presence of C3, that is critical in SLE pathogenesis [34].
• CA were immunonegative for the alternative complement pathway proteins and the complement regulators, decay accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59 [35].
• Sera from Bf-deficient mice lacked detectable alternative complement pathway activity; purified mouse Bf overcame the deficit [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Complement Pathway, Alternative

• C3(H2O),Bb, the initial C3 convertase of the alternative complement pathway, was demonstrated to be a metal-containing protein complex by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation [37].
• Radial immunodiffusion was used to measure Factor B, a component of the alternative complement pathway, and albumin in scleral eluates [38].
• The effect of meningococcal cell-associated sialic acid on activation of the human alternative complement pathway was examined by using a quantitative fluorescence immunoassay to assess alternative pathway-mediated C3 binding to a group B strain of Neisseria meningitidis from which graded amounts of sialic acid had been removed with neuraminidase [39].
• Immunofluorescence studies revealed striking accumulations of C3 and other complement components associated with alternative complement pathway activation within glomeruli, and the presence of small or equivocal amounts of immunoglobulin [40].
• By using affinity chromatography of TAK, a gel-forming antitumor (1----3)-beta-D-glucan produced by Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes IFO 13140 also known as an activator of the alternative complement pathway (ACP), we obtained from mouse serum a cleavage product of C3 (tentatively designated as C3X) [41].

References