Disease relevance of Laminaran

• Cell invasion was inhibited in the presence of laminaran sulfate, a potent inhibitor of heparanase activity and experimental metastasis [1].
• A single i.p. injection of laminarin sulfate, but not of sodium laminarin, before i.v. inoculation of the melanoma or breast-carcinoma cells inhibited the extent of lung colonization by the tumor cells by 80 to 90% [2].
• Gene fusion expression in Bacillus subtilis DN1885 followed by preliminary characterization of the recombinant gene product indicates that betaglIIA has a pI of 3.8 to 4.0 and is active on both laminarin and curdlan, having an acid optimum pH activity (ca. 4.0) [3].
• The sensitivity of the assay was approximately 50 pg/ml both for curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis and for laminarin from Laminaria digitata [4].
• Laminarin, a beta(1 leads to 3)-glucan similar to those found in plant cell walls, is fermented by some species of anaerobic bacteria from the human colon [5].

High impact information on Laminaran

• To generate a vaccine to protect against a variety of human pathogenic fungi, we conjugated laminarin (Lam), a well-characterized but poorly immunogenic beta-glucan preparation from the brown alga Laminaria digitata, with the diphtheria toxoid CRM197, a carrier protein used in some glyco-conjugate bacterial vaccines [6].
• We show that laminarin, a beta-1,3 glucan with elicitor activity in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), becomes, after chemical sulfation, an inducer of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway in tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana [7].
• In tobacco cell suspensions, the oxidative burst induced by the laminarin sulfate PS3 was Ca2+ dependent but partially kinase independent, whereas laminarin triggered a strickly kinase-dependent oxidative burst [7].
• Family 6 CBMs (CBM6s) are distinct from other CBM families in that these protein modules contain multiple distinct ligand binding sites, a feature that makes CBM6s particularly appropriate receptors for the beta-1,3-glucan laminarin, which displays an extended U-shaped conformation [8].
• Kappa-carrageenases belong to family 16 of the glycoside hydrolases, which essentially encompasses polysaccharidases specialized in the hydrolysis of the neutral polysaccharides such as agarose, laminarin, lichenan, and xyloglucan [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Laminaran

• We investigated the effect of a chemically sulfated polysaccharide (laminarin), consisting primarily of beta-1,3 glucan (sodium laminarin), and of synthetic phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides, primarily phosphorothioate homopolymer of cytidine (SdC28), on heparanase activity and tumor metastasis [2].
• Plant polysaccharides, including amylose, amylopectin, pectin, polygalacturonate, xylan, laminarin, guar gum, locust bean gum, gum ghatti, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth, were fermented by some strains from Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Ruminococcus, and Eubacterium species [10].
• PS3-infiltrated tissues challenged with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 8 d after elicitor application show a decrease in both the lesion number and the lesion size, whereas treatment with laminarin, the unsulfated native glucan, affected only the lesion number [11].
• The enzyme purified from recombinant Escherichia coli cells hydrolyses mixed 1,3-1,4-beta-glucans (lichenan, barley and oat beta-glucan) and 1,3-beta-homoglucans (laminarin, curdlan) by an endo type action pattern [12].

Biological context of Laminaran

• The beta-1,3-glucan binding protein could only be affinity-precipitated from crayfish plasma by the beta-1,3-glucans laminarin or curdlan (an insoluble beta-1,3-glucan), while mannan or dextran did not bind to the beta-1,3-glucan binding protein [13].
• IC50 values for inhibition of binding to low and high affinity sites by the most highly sulphated laminarin sulphate (LAM S5; degree of sulphation 2.31) were 12 +/- 8 micrograms/ml and 69 +/- 66 micrograms/ml, respectively [14].
• However, when they were used together (0.4 mg/ml alpha-mannan and 0.4 mg/ml laminarin), almost complete inhibition of phagocytosis was obtained [15].
• These effects of laminarin sulfate may have potential clinical applications in diverse situations such as wound healing, angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis [16].
• Laminarin did not induce cell death [17].

Anatomical context of Laminaran

• Furthermore, the soluble carbohydrate beta-glucan receptor antagonists laminariheptaose and laminarin also substantially reduce the ability of the P. carinii cell wall isolate to stimulate macrophage-inflammatory activation [18].
• In contrast, a number of beta-glucans were active against zymosan but not EsIgG ingestion with a 75% reduction in the number of monocytes ingesting zymosan occurring with 100 micrograms/ml laminarin, 500 micrograms/ml soluble pachyman, and 900 micrograms/ml of soluble pustulan [19].
• To evaluate the involvement of LGBP in the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating system, a polyclonal antibody against LGBP was made and used for the inhibition of phenoloxidase (PO) activity triggered by the beta-1,3-glucan laminarin in the hemocyte lysate of crayfish [20].
• Characterisation of a laminarin sulphate which inhibits basic fibroblast growth factor binding and endothelial cell proliferation [14].
• Tritiated glycans (amylose, dextran, laminaran, the insoluble beta-1,3-D-glucan, and agarose) and the p-nitrophenyl-glycopyranoside derivatives were used as substrates to investigate whether the macrophages contained or released glucanases capable of degrading alpha-1,4-D-glucans, alpha-1-6-D-glucans, beta-1,3-D-glucans, and agarose respectively [21].

Associations of Laminaran with other chemical compounds

• Ole e 9 (molecular mass of 46.4 kDa) displays 1,3-beta-endoglucanase activity (38.9 +/- 5.6 mg of glucose released/min x micromol of protein at pH 4.5-6.0 using laminarin as substrate) [22].
• The binding of radiolabeled PGG-glucan to lactosylceramide was not inhibited by glycogen, dextran, mannan, pustulan, laminarin, or a low molecular weight beta-(1-3)-glucan, but was inhibited by high molecular weight beta-(1-3)-glucans and by a monoclonal antibody to lactosylceramide [23].
• The soluble beta-1,3-D-glucan laminaran, which also contains small amounts of mannitol, was not able to induce release of acid glycosidases from macrophages [21].
• In gels containing laminarin stained with sirofluor, bands exhibiting a more intense fluorescence than the background fluorescence were observed in addition to dark nonfluorescent bands [24].
• The assay was highly specific for (1-->6) branched, (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans (such as that from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and did not show any response at 200 ng/ml to curdlan, laminarin, pustulan, dextran, mannan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and endotoxins [25].

Gene context of Laminaran

• We show that spr1 mutant cells do not hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside or laminarin in a whole-cell assay for exo-1,3-beta-glucanases [26].
• The severity of inflammation, joint histology, lymphocyte proliferation and antibody production in response to zymosan were analyzed in mice deficient in TLR2 and complement C3, and the effects of Dectin-1 inhibition by laminarin were studied [27].
• In addition, resident peritoneal CD11b+ cells expressing SIGNR1 bound zymosan at 4 degrees C in concert with a laminarin-sensitive receptor [28].
• High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed in vitro hydrolysis of laminarin by the endo-beta-1,3-glucanase proceeds more efficiently in combination with an exo-beta-glycosidase from P. furiosus (CelB) [29].
• Forming Ft phagosomes accumulated MR, and infection was inhibited by MR-blocking antibody or soluble mannan but not by the dectin-1 ligand laminarin [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Laminaran

• The final product contained only IgG by SDS-PAGE and was shown to be specific by its selectively blocking binding of 125I-mAb OEA10 to laminarin [31].
• Immunospecific rabbit antibodies were produced by immunization with bovine serum albumin-conjugated laminarin [beta (1-->3)-glucan] and affinity chromatography on epoxy-Sepharose-coupled beta (1-->3)-glucans [32].
• We examined the pharmacokinetics of three water-soluble glucans (glucan phosphate, laminarin, and scleroglucan) after oral administration of 1 mg/kg doses in rats [33].
• Selected water-soluble, native polysaccharides--such as amylose, laminaran, pullulan--and derivatized polysaccharides--methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and carboxymethyl amylose sodium salt (CM-Am)--were investigated as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis [34].
• In contrast, laminarin does not interfere with opsonization whereas mannan blocks the process, blocking the binding of a 57 kD plasma component as detected by Western immunoblot [35].

References