Disease relevance of Silver Staining

• The presence of HIV-1 DNA was investigated by nested polymerase chain reaction; axonal abnormalities were detected by beta-amyloid precursor protein, ubiquitin immunohistochemistry, and silver staining [1].
• Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced in adult male and female rats by injecting streptozocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg i.p.) in preparation for a screening survey of changes in the pattern of undenatured plasma proteins, as revealed by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining [2].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: We treated a patient with clinical signs of acute myopericarditis and serologic evidence of Lyme borreliosis confirmed by silver staining of endomyocardial biopsy specimens and indium 111-monoclonal antimyosin antibody scan, which we believe has not been reported previously [3].
• Analysis of the various enzyme fractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining revealed that one of the fractions lacked the major virion structural proteins, but still contained two or three other polypeptides [4].
• Using different nucleolin fragments generated by CNBr cleavage and by overexpression in Escherichia coli, we demonstrate that the amino-terminal domain of nucleolin and not the carboxy-part of the protein is involved in silver staining [5].

Psychiatry related information on Silver Staining

• Amyloid beta protein (Abeta) deposition was investigated in the frontal cortex of 54 autopsy cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) using methenamine silver staining, and immunohistochemistry employing the monoclonal end-specific antibodies BC05 and BA27 to visualize deposits containing Abeta(42(43)) and Abeta(40), respectively [6].
• Sections of hippocampal formation from seven cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) were immunofluorescently stained with a commercially available polyclonal NFT antibody or a PHF-1 monoclonal antibody, followed by an improved thioflavin-S stain, and finally by Gallyas silver staining [7].

High impact information on Silver Staining

• Histological analysis of micrometastases in the lung on day 5 by silver staining of proteins associated with nucleolar organizer regions revealed more metastatic foci and augmented proliferative activity of the tumor cells after rmTNF pretreatment of mice [8].
• The 150-kD glycoprotein was the only protein from 32D cl 3 cells, which was detectable by silver-staining after a one-step affinity-isolation [9].
• Quantification by metabolic radiolabeling with [35S]methionine or by silver staining revealed a 3.0-3.5-fold increase in MAP1.2 levels relative to total cell protein after NGF treatment for 2 wk or longer [10].
• The major SAF protein (PrP33-35) and its normal brain homologue are shown to have the same apparent mol. wt and ionic charge distribution by two-dimensional gel analysis, silver staining and immunoblotting [11].
• Purpurin and the serum RBP are, however, different molecules, for the serum protein is approximately 3,000 D larger than purpurin and has different silver-staining characteristics [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Silver Staining

• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was extracted from 50 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae by a rapid micromethod and was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining [13].
• In this report, LPS of actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans from outer membrane fractions and hot phenol-water extracts were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and LPS-specific silver-staining techniques [14].
• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracts of reference strains and isolates of Bacteroides spp. prepared by the proteinase K method were resolved by tricine-sodium-dodecyl-sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and located by silver staining [15].
• Using specific silver staining methods, we compared the neurodegeneration caused by treatment of rats with kainic acid (KA) or ibogaine (IBO) to the neuropathology observed in mice infected with the C602 strain of scrapie [16].
• These changes were associated with GaAs and InAs proteinuria patterns as monitored by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and silver staining [17].

Biological context of Silver Staining

• Peaking between 24 and 36 hours post-lesion, dying neurons were labeled with DeOlmos silver-staining and antisera against activated caspase 3 (CCP32), a downstream inductor of programmed cell death [18].
• We examined cell proliferation by immunostaining for both Ki67 and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and by silver staining of nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) [19].
• Variation in the distribution of silver-staining nucleolar organizer regions on the chromosomes of the wild mouse, Mus musculus [20].
• Monoclonal antibody against nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 (MW 37 kD/pI 5.1) did not block silver staining in either NORs or interphase nucleoli [21].
• C banding showed the translocation to have two regions of centromeric constitutive heterochromatin, silver staining showed an active NOR in 60% of the cells screened, and Cd banding studies showed a single Cd band with absence of the Cd band at the suppressed centromere [22].

Anatomical context of Silver Staining

• To determine which polypeptides of the cell wall are sensitive to the lytic enzyme, we first separated the intact cell walls into sodium perchlorate-soluble and -insoluble components, treated them with enzyme, and then analyzed them by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining [23].
• In the left thalamus, massive silver staining of degenerated synaptic terminals and decreases in succinate dehydrogenase activity were observed 4 and 5 days after occlusion [24].
• By comparison, nucleolar remnants of adult chicken nucleated red blood cells contained only trace amounts of fibrillarin and NOR silver staining, whereas red blood cell nucleolar remnants of immature chicks had easily detectable amounts of fibrillarin and NOR silver staining [25].
• Nucleoli from hepatocytes of both adult and immature chickens demonstrated comparable levels of fibrillarin and NOR silver staining [25].
• The first reference 2-DE maps of rat mesangial cells (RMC), stained with silver staining or Pro-Q Diamond dye, have been established here to describe the proteome and phosphoproteome of RMC, respectively [26].

Associations of Silver Staining with chemical compounds

• Our modified procedure for staining total protein on nitrocellulose is rapid, inexpensive, and as sensitive as silver-staining of polyacrylamide gels [27].
• The combination of nonequilibrium isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the first dimension, SDS electrophoresis in the second dimension, and very sensitive silver staining techniques resolves more than 250 individual protein spots [28].
• Selective and sensitive silver staining of extracellular amyloid deposits and intraneuronal neurofibrillary changes can be applied to 50-150 microns thick polyethylene glycol sections and/or 5-15 microns thick paraffin sections [29].
• During the past two years, the performance of fluorescence-based protein detection methods has demonstrably eclipsed conventional technologies such as colloidal Coomassie Blue and silver staining with respect to detection sensitivity, quantitative accuracy and compatibility with modern protein identification and characterization procedures [30].
• After being stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue or a silver-staining solution, each purified enzyme showed a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate [31].

Gene context of Silver Staining

• Our observations suggest that there is no direct relationship between the occurrence of silver staining and the distribution of protein B23 or nucleolin [32].
• MMP-1 expression remarkably correlated with matrix breakdown, as assessed by silver staining, and was prominent at the periphery of shedding fragments and along some arterioles [33].
• DNA synthesis (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, bromodeoxyuridine staining), VEC proliferation (multilayers of cells in Bowman's space), matrix accumulation (periodic acid-Schiff, silver staining), apoptosis (TUNEL), and renal function (serum urea nitrogen) were studied on days 5 and 14 (N = 6 per time point) [34].
• Protein recovered from hydroxyapatite chromatography was approx. 90% pure UCP2, as judged by Coomassie Blue and silver staining of polyacrylamide gels [35].
• Finally, the subcellular distribution of PAI-1 was analyzed by immunofluorescence and by immunogold silver staining [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Silver Staining

• Analysis by isoelectric focusing on agarose gels followed by transfer to nitrocellulose and silver staining showed that EGF alpha could be further resolved into three sub-species which focused at pH 4.6, 4.3 and 4 [37].
• A single protein of Mr 30,000 was readily observed after SDS-PAGE and silver staining of the gel; after electropheretic transfer of nitrocellulose this protein was shown to be a DNA binding molecule by use of a probe of biotin labeled DNA [38].
• Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate of the NED-purified material gave 6-8 bands by silver staining or autoradiography of radioiodinated material [39].
• In contrast to previous reports on AP-PCR, we were able to visualize PCR products by a rapid nonradioactive silver-staining technique using a simple device for staining of large polyacrylamide gels [40].
• Necdin of mouse brain was characterized by Western blotting and silver-staining analysis by using affinity purified antibodies to 17 synthetic peptides of deduced C-terminal amino acids [41].

References