Disease relevance of Refractive Errors

• The most frequent cause of visual loss in childhood is functional amblyopia, an abnormality of visual acuity usually associated with either anisometropia (unequal refractive errors) or strabismus (turned eye) during early development [1].
• Does partial spectacle correction of infants' refractive errors, which has been shown to have beneficial effects in reducing strabismus and amblyopia, impede emmetropization [2]?
• There was an age-related shift in refractive error from hyperopia in young children (15.6% in 5-year-olds) toward myopia in older children (10.8% in 15-year-olds) [3].
• A complete analysis of the components of refractive error was performed on ten eyes of five patients with myopia and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) [4].
• RESULTS: Refractive errors were most prevalent (60.6%), followed by strabismus (44.1%) and lens opacities (18.1%) [5].

Psychiatry related information on Refractive Errors

• It was not significantly associated (P >.05) with diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease history, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, serum calcium, cigarette smoking, physical activity, intraocular pressure, or refractive error [6].
• The previously reported high prevalence of refractive errors, strabismus and pathological defects amongst people with learning disabilities was confirmed [7].

High impact information on Refractive Errors

• This experimental refractive error has many features in common with human myopia: It is caused by progressive axial elongation of the eye, is often accompanied by fundus changes, and can only be induced before eye growth has been completed [8].
• PURPOSE: Refractive errors, myopia, and hyperopia are common conditions requiring corrective lenses [9].
• While the relative contribution of NOP in determining refractive error is small, it is greater in older persons compared to younger individuals [10].
• RESULTS: The Phe(6)-antagonist at 10(-5) M (in the syringe) inhibited changes in both refractive error and axial length compensation induced by +7-D lens wear; however, des-Phe(6)-antagonist (10(-5) M) had weak, inconsistent effects and did not antagonize the action of exogenous glucagon [11].
• None of the peptides significantly affected refractive error in eyes with unrestricted vision, although changes in anterior and posterior eye growth were observed in response to glucagon, oxyntomodulin, GLP-1, and miniglucagon [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Refractive Errors

• Although tropicamide, as expected, showed poorer cycloplegia compared to cyclopentolate, the degree of difference appeared to be small, with minimal effect on the measurement of distance refractive error and the ocular optical components [13].
• To evaluate the cycloplegic effect of 1% tropicamide in myopic children and to determine whether its efficacy is associated with age, gender, iris color, ethnicity, magnitude of the refractive error, or latent error [14].
• In a subsample of children without myopia who had refractive errors less than +0.75 D, having a response AC/A ratio of 5.84 delta/D or more elevated the risk of development of myopia within 1 year by 3.21 times (95% CI = 1.14-9.07) [15].
• Hydrogel keratophakia is a new form of lamellar refractive surgery which, in theory, can deal with almost all forms of refractive error [16].
• The Canon CF6OU, Canon CF6OS, Canon CR4-45NM, Nidek 3-DX, Olympus GRCW, and Carl Zeiss Jena Retinophot were found not to be telecentric and exhibited a linear relationship between p and degree of ametropia of the model eye [17].

Biological context of Refractive Errors

• Identification of infants with significant refractive error and strabismus in a population screening program using noncycloplegic videorefraction and orthoptic examination [18].
• METHODS: Ocular shape was assessed by measuring relative peripheral refractive error (the difference between the spherical equivalent cycloplegic autorefraction 30 degrees in the nasal visual field and in primary gaze) for the right eye of 822 children aged 5 to 14 years participating in the Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia in 1995 [19].
• CONCLUSION: Because the negative predictive value of the Enhanced Vision Screening Program is not 100%, some children with amblyopia, strabismus, or refractive errors are missed [20].
• SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Morioka, Japan. METHODS: Twenty-eight eyes of 28 healthy volunteers with refractive errors of -6.00 to +0.25 diopters were studied [21].
• The connection between refractive errors and ocular pathologies is reviewed, and possible means of preventing early onset myopia are examined [22].

Anatomical context of Refractive Errors

• METHODS: Using cycloplegic autorefraction, video-based phakometry, and ultrasonography, the authors measured refractive error and crystalline lens parameters in 994 children in the first through eighth grades, who participated in the Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia, between one and five times from 1989 through 1993 [23].
• Hemangiomas typically cause visual morbidity by induction of amblyopia, strabismus, significant refractive error or optic nerve compromise [24].

Gene context of Refractive Errors

• RESULTS: All four members of this family affected by LCA showed high to extreme hyperopia, with average spherical refractive errors ranging from +5.00 to +10.00 [25].
• The present study sought to determine whether endogenous FGF-2 was associated with retinoscleral signalling or scleral remodelling during changes in refractive error in a mammalian model of myopia [26].
• Recent independent studies in Davis, Calif., and Cardiff, Wales, indicate that part of these variations are related to refractive errors [27].
• Using the average postoperative keratometry readings from other recent transplant cases and an updated A constant in the SRK regression formula would have placed 39 of 43 eyes (91%) within 2 D of emmetropia with a mean refractive error of -0.07 D [28].
• PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen eyes of 12 patients received LASIK (performed using the VISX Star laser [VISX, Santa Ana, CA]) with a planned 180- micro m flap (created using an automated Hansatome microkeratome [Bausch & Lomb, Irvine, CA]) to correct refractive errors between -2.0 diopters (D) and -11.0 D [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Refractive Errors

• CONCLUSION: Retreatment after PRK for low myopia can significantly increase UCVA and decrease residual refractive error without significant complications [30].
• The predicted refractive error and actual postoperative refractive error were compared in each eye in the MemoryLens group and in 2 smaller control groups with an AcrySof acrylic (Alcon) or SI-40 silicone (Allergan Medical Optics) IOL implanted by the same surgeons using identical technique and IOL calculation parameters [31].
• Investigations into the plasticity of eye growth and refractive error development have significantly expanded our knowledge of animal models of myopia in the last 15 yr [32].
• METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained from 37 patients with high myopia (axial length of globe, 29.4 mm; refractive error, > -15 diopters) [33].
• The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if children exposed prenatally to cocaine were at a greater risk for visual abnormalities, such as strabismus and significant refractive errors [34].

References