Disease relevance of Ultrasonography

• The combination of measurement of the serum PSA concentration and rectal examination, with ultrasonography performed in patients with abnormal findings, provides a better method of detecting prostate cancer than rectal examination alone [1].
• To detect potentially curable cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, outpatients with chronic hepatitis or compensated liver cirrhosis who were seen at the Center for Adult Diseases (Osaka, Japan) were examined periodically by means of ultrasonography and measurement of serum alpha-fetoprotein [2].
• Using ultrasonography, we measured the brachial-artery diameter under base-line conditions, during reactive hyperemia (with flow increase causing endothelium-dependent dilatation), and after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin (an endothelium-independent dilator) [3].
• 1010 postmenopausal women were recruited for an ovarian cancer screening programme incorporating serum CA-125 measurement and vaginal examination as initial tests and real-time ultrasonography as a secondary procedure in selected cases [4].
• METHODS: A cohort of 307 consecutive patients in whom liver cirrhosis was diagnosed by histology was investigated for development of HCC at 6-month intervals by ultrasonography and determination of alpha-fetoprotein levels [5].

Psychiatry related information on Ultrasonography

• RESULTS: A dose of 500 microg. transurethral alprostadil resulted in significant increases in corporeal blood flow comparable to those achieved with intracavernosal injection of 10 microg. alprostadil as measured by duplex ultrasonography in men with erectile dysfunction [6].
• The ovarian response to copulation was determined by ultrasonography and by analysis of estrone sulfate (follicular status) and pregnanediol glucuronide (luteal status) concentrations in urine [7].
• This study aimed to assess by transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography the magnitude of the changes in blood flow during panic attacks induced by intravenous sodium lactate infusion [8].
• Comments to the editorial: "Are ultrasonic imaging technics (duplex or triplex) alone sufficient for decision making in carotid endarterectomy? Pros and cons" [9].

High impact information on Ultrasonography

• Transvaginal ultrasonography compared with endometrial biopsy for the detection of endometrial disease. Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Trial [10].
• The sludge detected by ultrasonography was composed of calcium bilirubinate granules in 10 and cholesterol monohydrate crystals in 1 (P = 0.003) [11].
• All 40 underwent testing with nafarelin, dexamethasone, and corticotropin with measurement of circulating concentrations of gonadotropins and steroid hormones, and 19 underwent ovarian ultrasonography [12].
• Those with PSA values greater than or equal to 4.0 micrograms per liter then underwent rectal examination and prostatic ultrasonography [1].
• In the PKD1 families, all 67 diagnoses made by ultrasonography were confirmed by determination of the genotype as inferred from linkage [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Ultrasonography

• However, because of an overall interpretation that tamoxifen use slightly increases risk for endometrial cancer, some researchers advocate routine ultrasonography and endometrial biopsy for screening asymptomatic women receiving tamoxifen [14].
• PATIENTS: 372 neurologically asymptomatic patients with carotid stenosis of 50% or more in at least one artery as determined by luminal diameter reduction on duplex ultrasonography [15].
• OBJECTIVE: To study the association of ultrasonographic manifestations of common carotid atherosclerosis with glucose intolerance in survivors of the cohort of men born in 1900-1919 in eastern Finland. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Carotid ultrasonography was carried out for 182 men in 1989 [16].
• Diagnostic emphasis will be given to certain manifestations of MEGD, namely the clinical patterns of ophthalmoparesis, the results of forced duction testing, orbital ultrasonography, and CT, as well as the need to obtain, in some cases, special antibody studies and the thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test [17].
• In patients with pubertal gynecomastia, no significant difference in the percentage of patients with a 50% or greater reduction in total breast volume, as calculated from ultrasonography measurements, was demonstrated between the anastrozole and placebo groups [18].

Biological context of Ultrasonography

• We describe a dominant point mutation in the COL1A1 gene causing extremely severe osteogenesis imperfecta (OI type II/III) which was detected in the dermal fibroblasts of a proband, diagnosed by ultrasonography at 24 weeks of gestation [19].
• METHODS: Gall bladder emptying (ultrasonography) was studied in response to neural, cephalic-vagal stimulation with modified sham feeding (MSF) for 90 minutes and in response to hormonal stimulation with cholecystokinin (CCK, 0.5 IDU/kg/h) for 60 minutes [20].
• The occurrence of ovulation was based on demonstration of follicular growth and corpus luteum formation by ultrasonography and a LH midcycle surge and rise of progesterone [21].
• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Gastric emptying time and gastric electrical activity were measured by ultrasonography and electrogastrography (EGG), respectively, in 40 consecutive IDDM children (median age: 9 years [6-14]) without autonomic neuropathy; 15 healthy children (median age: 7 years [4-15]) served as control subjects [22].
• We evaluated arterial blood pressure by sphygmomanometry, aortic calcifications and cardiac mass by echography, and routine biochemical parameters, total plasma homocysteine, and plasma endothelin levels by standard techniques [23].

Anatomical context of Ultrasonography

• Gallbladder motility was evaluated by ultrasonography in 75 cholesterol gallstone patients and in 77 matched control subjects [24].
• Biliary sludge is a collection of mucus, calcium bilirubinate, and cholesterol crystals that is usually recognized by characteristic echoes on ultrasonography [25].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: We measured the intimal plus medial thickness (IMT) of both carotid and femoral arteries using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography in 288 Japanese NIDDM patients (160 men, 128 women) [26].
• The finger tendons of 20 RA patients were studied by ultrasonography using a high-frequency (13-MHz) transducer [27].
• Endothelial dysfunction may be evaluated by means of invasive techniques, such as coronary artery reactivity to acetylcholine, or noninvasive techniques, such as brachial artery ultrasonography [28].

Associations of Ultrasonography with chemical compounds

• Reversible biliary pseudolithiasis was detected by serial abdominal ultrasonography only in the children treated with ceftriaxone (16 of 35 vs. 0 of 35; P less than 0.001) [29].
• Transvaginal ultrasonography was used to assess the endometrial effects of raloxifene in 1781 women [30].
• Renal ultrasonography and cystography were done on the newborn babies soon after delivery, and a dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) radioisotope scan at 3 months was done on those with VUR [31].
• Effects of fatty acids on antral contractility were determined by percutaneous ultrasonography; effects on proximal gastric tone were studied during fundal distention [32].
• Transabdominal real-time ultrasonography was used to investigate antroduodenal motility effects of the prostaglandin E2 analogue enprostil [33].

Gene context of Ultrasonography

• We screened 48 members of the NFL10 pedigree, by ultrasonography, and genotyped them, with informative markers, at both the PKD1 locus and the PKD2 locus [34].
• In addition to clinical examination, vaginal ultrasonography was performed to determine ovarian size, and the concentrations of serum sex hormones, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, and the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins 1 and 3 (IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3) were measured [35].
• All four patients had germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, and three had unremarkable transvaginal ultrasonography examinations within 6 months before prophylactic surgery [36].
• The relation of these oxidative and trace metals to APOE epsilon4 allele frequency, neuropsychological performance, and cerebrovascular or atrophic burden, as estimated by brain MRI and ultrasonography of cerebral vessels, was evaluated [37].
• The atherosclerosis severity score (ASC) for abdominal aorta and carotid arteries was determined by ultrasonography, and the MPO genotype was analyzed [38].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Ultrasonography

• Of these, 537 (25%) were randomly chosen to participate in a detailed clinical examination that included a serum PSA determination (Tandem-R PSA assay), digital rectal examination, and transrectal ultrasonography [39].
• Gray-scale ultrasonography (GSU) and thin-needle cholangiography (TNC) were performed in 35 consecutive patients with unexplained jaundice [40].
• Among patients with a possible primary tumor, the results of ultrasonography were positive in 9%, the results of CT were positive in 31%, the results of MRI were positive in 30%, the results of angiography were positive in 28%, and the results of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy were positive in 58% [41].
• When a definite diagnosis of angiographically undetectable tumors cannot be made using close surveillance with ultrasonography or alpha-fetoprotein and/or needle biopsy under ultrasonic guide, surgical intervention should be considered, particularly for patients at high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma [42].
• Of 76 patients with a small hepatocellular carcinoma of 2 cm or less in maximum diameter, 61 underwent digital subtraction angiography, computed tomographic arterioportography and enhanced ultrasonography at the same time [43].

References