Disease relevance of amprolium

• Amprolium for coccidiosis in AIDS [1].
• Culture of neuroblastoma cells in a medium of low-thiamine concentration (6 nM) and in the presence of the transport inhibitor amprolium leads to the appearance of overt signs of necrosis; i.e., the chromatin condenses in dark patches, the oxygen consumption decreases, mitochondria are uncoupled, and their cristae are disorganized [2].
• In each of 2 experiments, 2 calves received an oral dose of amprolium at 100 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days, 2 calves were similarly inoculated but received no medication, and 2 calves served as uninoculated, unmedicated controls [3].
• Effect of amprolium on acute sarcocystosis in experimentally infected calves [3].
• The manufacturer's proposed level (0.0175%) and twice the proposed level (0.0350%) of amprolium had no significant effect on weight gains or mortality in the safety trial [4].

High impact information on amprolium

• The bone marrow of the majority of the lambs which had received amprolium for 3 wk or more was severely depopulated, erythrocyte precursors being the most severely affected [5].
• The cells that have been implicated in TD-induced neurotoxicity, including neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and brain endothelial cells, as well as neuroblastoma and BV-2 microglial cell lines, were cultured in either thiamine-depleted media or in normal culture media with amprolium, a thiamine transport inhibitor [6].
• To establish an in vitro model of TD in neurons, we treated cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) with amprolium, a potent inhibitor of thiamine transport [7].
• Exposure to amprolium caused apoptosis and the generation of reactive oxygen species in CGNs [7].
• These results show that coccidia that are resistant to either amprolium or dinitolmide are able to cause lesions in the presence of the drugs and the oocysts that are produced will sporulate normally [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of amprolium

• Effects of amprolium and monensin on oocyst discharge, feed utilization, and ruminal metabolism of lambs with coccidiosis [9].
• Sulphadimidine and amprolium treated calves gained weight, but chloroquine treated calves suffered progressive weight loss similar to that of infected untreated controls [10].
• 4. Raising pullets without any coccidiostat, to increase their chance to develop immunity against coccidia, was not found to decrease the risk of coccidiosis during the production period when compared to the practice of giving amprolium and ethopabate during the rearing period [11].
• According to broiler weight gain, there was resistance to monensin in 36 isolates, narasin in 32, salinomycin in 28, maduramicin in 2, clopidol in 28, amprolium in 50, and nicarbazin in 4 [12].
• Carbarsone at .0250% was efficacious in prevention of histomoniasis, and amprolium had no deleterious effects when fed concurrently at .025% [13].

Biological context of amprolium

• An investigation into the cytogenetic damage induced by the coccidiostatic agents amprolium, carbadox, dimetridazole and ronidazole [14].
• Our data indicate that the rate of loss of the plasmid pKM101 after treatment of R+ bacterial strains with amprolium can be increased [15].
• The control program consisted of washing, phenol disinfection, and steam cleaning of farrowing houses and treatment of sows with amprolium HCl before and after farrowing [16].
• Data from overall weight gains, packed cell volume, body temperature, postmortem and histological examinations, and serum enzyme levels indicate that amprolium reduced the severity of experimental sarcocystosis [3].
• The bioavailability of amprolium (APL) was measured after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration to chickens [17].

Anatomical context of amprolium

• When 45 birds were given 2.0 X 10(6) oocysts, resistance to amprolium and clopidol appeared after 6 and 7 passages respectively [18].
• Amprolium was also ineffective in consistently reducing parasite numbers in the duodenum and ileum [19].
• Egg yolk was found to be frequently contaminated with low levels of amprolium (29.4% positive of 266 samples investigated; mean concentration of positive samples = 58 micrograms/kg), whereas only a few muscle samples contained detectable levels (4.9% positive of 81 samples investigated; mean concentration of positive samples = 5 micrograms/kg) [20].
• Cerebrospinal fluid was also collected prior to amprolium administration and at the onset of clinical signs [21].
• Polioencephalomalacia induced with amprolium in buffalo calves: pathologic changes of the central nervous system [22].

Associations of amprolium with other chemical compounds

• A laboratory strain of Eimeria acervulina and 9 field isolates consisting principally of E. acervulina were tested for sensitivity to amprolium (125 p.p.m.) or dinitolmide (125 p.p.m.) in the food and for effects of the drugs on sporulation of oocysts [8].
• The development of resistance by the Houghton strain of Eimeria tenella to the anticoccidial drugs amprolium, clopidol and methyl benzoquate has been studied [18].
• In juvenile mink (3 to 4 months old), amprolium at dose level of 0.012% and sulfaquinoxaline at dose level of 0.024% in the water inhibited almost all of the oocyst production when compared with that of the control group [23].
• Animals given sulphadimidine or amprolium remained clinically normal and shed only a few oocysts in their faeces [10].
• In the second shore-based experiment, infected fish were treated with Origanum essential oils, Toltrazuril with propylene glycol, Amprolium, and a combination of Salinomycin 12% + Amprolium (SA) [24].

Gene context of amprolium

• Determination of lignocaine and amprolium in pharmaceutical formulations using AAS [25].
• Four feeding trials were conducted in which Large White turkeys were fed diets containing either amprolium or butynorate to 8 or 9 weeks of age to female and male turkeys, respectively [26].
• Dietary treatments included unmedicated control (UMC), amprolium (AMP, 125 mg/kg), and 3 levels of halofuginone hydrobromide (HAL, during 0 to 4 and 4 to 8 wk of age, in 3.3; 3.1.5; and 1.5,1.5 mg/kg, respectively) [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of amprolium

• Assay of amprolium in poultry feedingstuffs by high-performance liquid chromatography [28].
• Clinical and biochemical findings in bovine cerebrocortical necrosis produced by oral administration of amprolium [29].
• A rapid, sensitive and reproducible reversed-phase HPLC assay was developed for the determination of amprolium (APL) in chicken plasma [30].
• Amprolium (600 mg/kg/day) alone was given intraruminally 6 sheep and 4 cattle, all of which showed neurological signs and abnormal electroencephalograms [31].
• A simplified determining method for the routine monitoring of residual amprolium in edible chicken tissues (muscle and liver) is developed using a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with a photodiode-array detector after sample cleanup by an Ultrafree-MC/PL centrifugal ultrafiltration unit [32].

References