Disease relevance of EINECS 209-607-7

• Thermal polypnea was observed in both experiments, but, although there were no treatment differences in Experiment 1, RR was lower (P less than .05) in the last hour of heat stress for Nicarbazin-fed birds in Experiment 2 [1].
• Nicarbazin at levels ranging from 100 to 200 mg/kg significantly (P less than .05) depressed weight gain and feed efficiency [2].
• Lack of effect of dietary factors on nicarbazin toxicity in broiler chicks [2].
• Liquid chromatographic determination of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide, the active component of the infertility agent nicarbazin, in chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs [3].
• Intestinal weight, as a percent of body weight, was not significantly affected when body weight was suppressed with a high level of nicarbazin added to a practical diet, but it was significantly reduced when bacitracin was added to the semipurified diet and chicks were restricted in food intake to 70% of controls [4].

High impact information on EINECS 209-607-7

• Development and validation of a method for the confirmation of nicarbazin in chicken liver and eggs using LC-electrospray MS-MS according to the revised EU criteria for veterinary drug residue analysis [5].
• A method is presented for the determination of the 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide component of the coccidiostat nicarbazin in animal feeds [6].
• The vaccine, comprising all seven of the species of Eimeria that parasitise the domesticated fowl, was compared with anticoccidial drug shuttles (halofuginone then salinomycin, or nicarbazin then monensin) in nine trials comprising over 936000 chickens, all of which also received the digestive enhancer virginiamycin [7].
• Nicarbazin affected vitellogenin phosphorylation but only at a concentration many times higher than expected plasma values [8].
• Nicarbazin also inhibited transglutaminase activity in vitro [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of EINECS 209-607-7

• Weight gain was significantly depressed at 1.5X with arprinocid, halofuginone, and salinomycin, at 1 to 2X with monensin, at 2X with lasalocid, and at 2.5X with nicarbazin [9].
• In the second experiment, birds fed Nicarbazin exhibited higher (P less than .05) HR and blood lactate during heat stress than control-fed birds [1].
• Neither type of dietary grains (corn vs. sorghum) nor supplemental methionine level affected the toxicity of 125 mg nicarbazin/kg [2].
• A 50% improvement in weight gain was obtained in 7 to 10 out of 17 profiles with 100 + 8.35 ppm clopidol/methylbenzoquate (10), 125 ppm nicarbazin (9), 3 ppm halofuginone (8), and 1 ppm diclazuril (7) [10].
• Significantly higher mortalities were found in nicarbazine fed chickens than in amprolium fed chickens when exposed to the same heat stress conditions [11].

Biological context of EINECS 209-607-7

• Nicarbazin is an anticoccidial drug, used mainly in birds, which has shown several other effects including inhibition of growth and feed efficiency in poultry, and stimulation of sugar and amino acid intestinal absorption in rabbit [12].
• In Experiment 1, using broilers not acclimated to heat stress, nicarbazin increased H (P < .05) (9.5 vs. 9.0 kcal/h per MWT) and body temperature (P = .08), reduced (P < .05) respiration rate, and had no impact on E or S (P > .1) [13].
• The results of this study indicate that Nicarbazin, by an as yet unidentified mechanism, increases Tb in heat-stressed birds, which results in greater deviations in blood acid-base balance, blood lactate, and HR than in control-fed birds [1].
• Nicarbazin in schistosome infections: I. Antibody formation in mice and hamsters infected with Schistosoma mansoni [14].
• Two experiments were conducted to measure the effects of nicarbazin (125 ppm) on heat production (H), evaporative heat loss (E), sensible heat loss (S), and heat content change (HC) of broilers during heat stress [13].

Anatomical context of EINECS 209-607-7

• Egg yolk mottling generally increased along with the level and duration of feeding NCZ [15].
• Lack of interactive effect of nicarbazin and dietary energy-to-protein ratio on performance and abdominal fat pad weight of broiler chicks [16].
• The narasin/nicarbazin mixture (50/50) appears primarily to prevent further development of sporozoites [17].
• 3. It is suggested that nicarbazin not only prevents yolk deposition within the ovary but also adversely affects the stimulatory function of the hypothalamus, possibly through an unsuitable hormonal environment [18].
• The incidence of oocysts was monitored in the litter at two broiler farms where birds were reared to 8 wk of age using a shuttle program involving nicarbazin (from 0 to 21 days of age) and salinomycin (from 21 to 44 days of age) [19].

Associations of EINECS 209-607-7 with other chemical compounds

• The bacterial counts in the colon contents of the nicarbazin- and robenidine-medicated and unmedicated chicks were significantly higher than the monensin-treated chicks [20].
• A strain of the cecal coccidian of chickens, Eimeria tenella, was propagated serially in chickens fed mash containing amprolium, nicarbazin, Unistat, or zoalene [21].
• These studies demonstrated that the use of 1 ppm diclazuril in shuttle programs was highly efficacious against a mixed inoculum of Eimeria spp. in comparison with nicarbazin, narasin + nicarbazin, and zoalene in starter diets and salinomycin, monensin, and lasalocid in grower diets [22].
• The results obtained show that nicarbazin decreases L-leucine accumulation in the jejunal tissue, and increases mucosal to serosal transepithelial fluxes of this amino acid in a dose-dependent way, without modifying its diffusion across the intestinal epithelium [23].
• The therapeutic efficiency of 16 anti-microbial agents (Ethopabate, Nicarbazin, Sulphaquinoxaline, Furaltadone, Enterolyte-N, Sulphamethazine, Trinamide, Amprol, Phenamidine, Zoaquin, Halofuginone, Salinomycin, Monensin, Emtryl, Arprinocid and Amprolium) were examined against Cryptosporidium infections in mice [24].

Gene context of EINECS 209-607-7

• Nicarbazin increased the activity of lipoprotein lipase in vitro at 3.9 and 7.8 microg of NCZ/mL [8].
• The method uses few clean-up steps and provides a rapid assessment of nicarbazin excretion by measuring the analyte 4,4'-dinitrocarbanalide (DNC) [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of EINECS 209-607-7

• Scanning electron microscopy revealed that micron-size crystals of nicarbazin disintegrate in water to form much smaller dinitrocarbanilide crystals [26].
• A simple and rapid method, using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with off-line high-performance liquid chromatography for the isolation and determination of nicarbazin, a popular broad-spectrum coccidiostatic drug used principally in poultry, is described [27].
• An automated immunoassay for the detection of nicarbazin residues in poultry eggs and liver was developed [28].
• In an optimized competitive ELISA, antibodies showed 50% binding inhibition at approximately 0.08 ng ml(-1) for halofuginone and 2.5 ng ml(-1) for dinitrocarbanilide (marker residue for nicarbazin) [29].
• Efficient HPLC method for the determination of nicarbazin, as dinitrocarbanilide in broiler liver [30].

References