Disease relevance of Eimeria

• The role of intestinal lymphocytes and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in protective immunity to Eimeria tenella infection was evaluated in two inbred strains of chickens (SC and TK) that display different patterns of susceptibility to coccidiosis [1].
• The effects of Eimeria maxima or restricted pair-feeding on weight gain, plasma concentrations of protein, glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and uric acid and liver glycogen were compared in immature fowl [2].
• Effect of lactose and Lactobacillus acidophilus on the colonization of Salmonella enteritidis in chicks concurrently infected with Eimeria tenella [3].
• The same treatment was also shown to control sulphaquinoxaline-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Eimeria acervulina [4].
• The efficacy of mixtures of narasin and nicarbazin were evaluated by comparing broiler performance, susceptibility to heat stress, and the mode of action against Eimeria [5].

High impact information on Eimeria

• Purine metabolism in the protozoan parasite Eimeria tenella [6].
• Cloning and characterization of chicken IL-10 and its role in the immune response to Eimeria maxima [7].
• The molecular target of Compound 1 was identified as cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) using a tritiated analogue to purify a approximately 120-kDa protein from lysates of Eimeria tenella [8].
• The trisubstituted pyrrole 4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidine-4-yl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]pyridine (Compound 1) inhibits the growth of Eimeria spp. both in vitro and in vivo [8].
• Apple domains are composed of six spacely conserved cysteine residues which form disulfide bridges and are also present in micronemal proteins from two closely related apicomplexan parasites, Sarcocystis muris and Eimeria species, and several mammalian serum proteins, including kallikrein [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Eimeria

• An experiment was conducted with young, male, crossbred chicks to investigate the interaction between dietary cobalt, methionine and experimental Eimeria acervulina infection (duodenal coccidiosis) [10].
• Vitamin K (as menaphthone sodium bisulphite) added to a deficient diet reduced mortality due to Eimeria tenella or E. necatrix, had a slight effect on haematocrit, but had no obvious effect on weight gain or faecal blood; 0.1 ppm gave a maximal response [11].
• Sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria to monensin following the use of a coccidiosis vaccine in broiler chickens [12].
• Efficacy of lasalocid sodium against coccidiosis (Eimeria zuernii and Eimeria bovis) in calves [13].
• The prophylactic efficacy of a single oral dose of toltrazuril against coccidiosis (mixed Eimeria infections) in naturally infected lambs was evaluated in two experiments [14].

Biological context of Eimeria

• Murine major histocompatibility complex and immune response to Eimeria falciformis [15].
• The course of infection with Eimeria vermiformis was determined in BALB/b, BALB/c, and C57BL/10ScSn (B10) mice and in radiation chimeras prepared from the H-2-compatible BALB/b and B10 mice [16].
• A lambda Zap II cDNA library was constructed from Eimeria tenella first- generation schizonts mRNA and screened with a mouse serum raised against this parasitic stage [17].
• Total intestinal absorption of glucose and L-methionine in broilers infected with Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. maxima or E. brunetti [18].
• The influence of the major histocompatibility (B) complex on acquired immunity to the avian coccidium Eimeria tenella was studied in 217 F4 segregants (B2B2, B2B5, B5B5) of a cross between inbred lines 6(1) (B2B2) and 15(1) (B5B5) and segregating haplotype combinations of UNH105 (B23B23, B23B24, B24B24), a noninbred line of New Hampshire chickens [19].

Anatomical context of Eimeria

• Crude extracts of the oocysts of Eimeria tenella, a protozoan parasite of the coccidium family that develops inside the caecal epithelial cells of infected chickens, do not incorporate glycine or formate into purine nucleotides; this suggests lack of capability for de novo purine synthesis by the parasite [6].
• Purification and characterisation of a serine-type protease from Eimeria tenella oocysts [20].
• A method is described for the reproducible purification of greater than 1.0 X 10(8) sporozoites of Eimeria spp. by centrifugation on metrizamide density-gradients [21].
• Chicken tumor necrosis-like factor. I. In vitro production by macrophages stimulated with Eimeria tenella or bacterial lipopolysaccharide [22].
• A rapid and simple method for purifying second generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella was developed using a host tissue digestion fluid, containing 0.25% trypsin and 0.5% taurodeoxycholic acid, to liberate merozoites grown in chick embryos or from parasitized ceca [23].

Associations of Eimeria with chemical compounds

• A metabolic pathway responsible for the biosynthesis and utilization of mannitol is present in the seven species of Eimeria that infect chickens, but is not in the avian host [24].
• A glycoprotein unique to the cytoplasm of the unsporulated oocyst of Eimeria tenella has been purified and partially characterized [25].
• IMP dehydrogenase from the intracellular parasitic protozoan Eimeria tenella and its inhibition by mycophenolic acid [26].
• Mycophenolic acid (MA) was demonstrated to be an effective inhibitor of the growth of the intracellular parasitic protozoan Eimeria tenella in tissue culture and guanine was shown to reverse this inhibition as expected for an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase (IMP:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.205) [26].
• Of these compounds 2-nitro- and 3-nitro- but not 4-nitropyridinecarboxamides were found to be active against Eimeria tenella [27].

Gene context of Eimeria

• Since EtS3a expression is also developmentally regulated, we suggest that this gene product is a functional homologue of fte-1, cyc-07 and MFT1 and an important molecule regulating the development of Eimeria tenella [17].
• Neutralisation of endogenously produced IFN-gamma has shown that this cytokine limits oocyst production in either primary or secondary infections depending on the species of Eimeria [28].
• Identification of a fibronectin-like molecule on Eimeria tenella [29].
• In vivo expression profiles of cytokine and iNOS mRNAs in rats infected with Eimeria separata [30].
• Passive immunization against somatostatin increases resistance to Eimeria vermiformis infection in susceptible mice [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Eimeria

• The coccidian parasite cGMP-dependent protein kinase is the primary target of a novel coccidiostat, the trisubstituted pyrrole 4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidine-4-yl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl] pyridine (compound 1), which effectively controls the proliferation of Eimeria tenella and Toxoplasma gondii parasites in animal models [32].
• Chickens were given two subcutaneous injections with 50 microg of the pcDNA3-1E vaccine plus a cytokine expression plasmid 2 weeks apart and challenged with Eimeria acervulina 1 week later [33].
• Adjuvant effects of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma TGF-beta4 and lymphotactin on DNA vaccination against Eimeria acervulina [33].
• Diclazuril, a new anticoccidial drug, was tested in poultry against six Eimeria species either in single species infections in dose titration studies or in mixed species infections in floor pen trials [34].
• Changes in levels of plasma xanthophyll, plasma retinol, liver retinol, and liver retinylpalmitate in poults infected with Eimeria meleagrimitis or E. adenoeides were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography [35].

References