Disease relevance of HAL

• Regulation by glucagon of the rat histidase gene promoter in cultured rat hepatocytes and human hepatoblastoma cells [1].
• However, localization of RYR to a region of human chromosome 19 which is syntenic to an area of pig chromosome 6 containing the HAL gene responsible for porcine malignant hyperthermia supports the candidacy of RYR for this disorder [2].
• Comparison of a preimmortal transformant (SVtsA/HF-A) with its uncloned and cloned immortalized derivatives (AR5 and HAL) has failed to reveal any major alteration involving the simian virus 40 genome [3].
• Liver metastases produced by mesenteric vein injection of B16F1 (murine melanoma), PAP2 (murine H-ras-transformed fibroblast), HT-29 (human colon carcinoma), and MDA-MB-435/HAL (human breast carcinoma) cells were identified and tracked longitudinally [4].
• HAL 1/13 mAb completely abolished the enhancing effect of hypoxia on RD and endothelial cell adhesiveness for leukocytes [5].

Psychiatry related information on HAL

• The results of this trial suggest that the therapeutic effect of HAL/AMI is superior to RIS in the total group of patients with combined psychotic and depressive symptoms [6].
• The main difference was that patients treated with LAP and HAL returned to normal physical activity and work significantly earlier than those who underwent OD [7].
• These two changes to the HAL model produce measures of word neighborhood density that are reliably predictive of human lexical decision reaction times [8].
• The wide and unique spectrum of receptor activity of CLO in comparison with HAL as well as some neurotransmitters' interactions may explain its usefulness in long-term therapy of bipolar affective disorder and schizoaffective disorder with co-occurred cognitive deficits [9].

High impact information on HAL

• The Mr, CD cluster dendrogram analysis, and lack of induction by IL-1 of HAL 1/13 distinguish it from most other known endothelial cell adhesion molecules [5].
• The contribution of the HAL 1/13 ligand to leukocyte adhesion significantly increased (more than twofold) when the muscle or endothelial cells had been exposed previously to a hypoxic environment [5].
• Conformational searches showed that these distances were also unusually short and exhibited very little variation in the Delta-Ala143 HAL tetramer, indicating that like GFP the tetrameric form of HAL is rigidly preorganized for cyclization [10].
• Tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) is a recently described member of the aromatic amino acid lyase family, which also includes phenylalanine (PAL) and histidine ammonia-lyases (HAL) [11].
• The cell line v-ras-HAL was derived by microinjection of HAL cells with v-Ha-ras DNA [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of HAL

• In this study a human T-cell lymphoma Jurkat cell line was treated with PDT using hexaminolevulinate (HAL, hexylester of ALA) [13].
• The objective of this work was to assess the expression of hepatic histidase (Hal) and skeletal muscle mitochondrial branched chain amino transferase (BCATm) in rats with experimental nephrotic syndrome induced by a single injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (150 mg/kg) [14].
• Catabolism of histidine was investigated in 24 patients with different speech and language disorders and with significantly low histidase activity in stratum corneum [15].
• The histidine metabolism in homogenates of human tissues of nontreated benign prostatic hyperplasia has been examined by means of the determination of L-histidine ammonia lyase activity (EC 4.3.1.3;histidine alpha-deaminase, histidase) and the histidine imidazole metabolites which were separated by means of ion exchange chromatography [16].

Biological context of HAL

• Exon 1 encodes only 5' untranslated sequence of liver histidase mRNA, with protein coding beginning in exon 2 [17].
• Histidase (EC 4.3.1.3) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the nonoxidative deamination of histidine to urocanic acid [17].
• Molecular characterization of histidinemia: identification of four missense mutations in the histidase gene [18].
• In order to investigate whether individuals with this disorder have small deletions, additions, or point mutations in the histidase gene, we screened genomic DNA isolated from 50 histidinemic individuals who were discovered by the neonatal screening program [18].
• A TATA box sequence is located 25 bp upstream of the liver histidase transcription initiation site determined by S1 nuclease protection analysis [17].

Anatomical context of HAL

• Histidinemia (MIM235800) is characterized by elevated histidine in body fluids and decreased urocanic acid in blood and skin and results from histidase (histidine ammonia lyase, EC 4.3.1.3) deficiency [18].
• The human gene for histidase (histidine ammonia-lyase; HAL), the enzyme deficient in histidinemia, was assigned to human chromosome 12 by Southern blot analysis of human X mouse somatic cell hybrid DNA [19].
• HAL 1/13 mAb immunoprecipitated a protein with Mr approximately 85,000 Da from cell surface-iodinated muscle and endothelial cells [5].
• At a physiological level, the HA and HAL neurons showed action potentials of similar size and shape, as well as inhibitory synaptic inputs from a common source, the heart interneurons (HN) [20].
• The study of chromosome imbalance, expressed as gain or loss of a portion of genetic information relative to the total haploid autosome length (percent HAL), shows that among the common types of disjunction-segregation leading to unbalanced gametes, adjacent 1 seems to be the one producing on the average the least level of genome imbalance [21].

Associations of HAL with chemical compounds

• OBJECTIVES: To assess in vivo receptor occupancy (RO) in patients clinically treated with FLX (n = 13, 5.7 +/- 1.4 mg/day) in comparison with risperidone (RIS, n = 11, 3.6 +/- 1.3 mg/day) and haloperidol (HAL, n = 11, 8.5 +/- 5.5 mg/day) [22].
• Forty-six unpremedicated children had anesthesia induced by immediate 8% sevoflurane (high sevoflurane [HS]; circuit primed with 70% N2O and 8% sevoflurane before application of the face mask), gradual sevoflurane (GS; primed with 70% N2O with increments of sevoflurane), and gradual halothane (HAL; 70% N2O with incremental halothane) [23].
• Unlike histidinoalanine, this crosslink appears to accumulate in relatively high concentrations in water-soluble lens proteins; its concentration was 9-fold higher than histidinoalanine from the same proteins (0.26+/-0.06 HAL vs 2.34+/-0.76 LAN nmol/mg protein; p<0.0004) [24].
• These results indicate that MA-HAL specifically binds to and masks the high-affinity lysine-binding site of plasminogen [25].
• Indeed, this antibody (MA-HAL) reacted with plasminogen and with a fragment of plasminogen composed of the first three triple-loop structures (LBS I) and was displaced by 6-aminohexanoic acid (50% displacement at 25 microM) [25].

Other interactions of HAL

• Moderate PRL responses to the HAL test were found during haloperidol treatment and no responses at all during treatment with risperidone [26].
• These findings point to the severe impairment of histidase and urocanase, two enzymes regulating the histidine catabolic pathway [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of HAL

• Molecular cloning and structural characterization of the human histidase gene (HAL) [17].
• The methods employed included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of exons 1-21 of the histidase gene, followed by mutation detection enhancement gel electrophoresis and sequencing of the PCR products displaying heteroduplex bands [18].
• The gene was sublocalized to region 12q22----q24.1 by in situ hybridization, using a human histidase cDNA [19].
• Computer-assisted learning in critical care: from ENIAC to HAL [28].
• Mean warm ischemia time was 3 +/- 2 minutes for LAP, 2 +/- 2 minutes for HAL and 2 +/- 1 minutes for OD (p = 0.002) [7].

References