Disease relevance of samarium

• Pronounced therapeutic effect of samarium 153-ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonate in an orthotopic human osteosarcoma tibial tumor model [1].
• Synthesis of ferrocenyl alkenes, dienes, and enynes via samarium diiodide promoted tandem addition and dehydration of ferrocenyl carbonyls with halides [2].
• Successful use of Samarium 153 for emergency treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation due to metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer [3].
• Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells were targeted using CD9 and CD10 mouse monoclonal antibodies prior to attachment of magnetic particles coated with anti-mouse immunoglobulin and depleted with samarium cobalt magnets [4].
• Some degree of pain relief was achieved in 72% of patients with bone metastases after a single dose of samarium 153Sm lexidronam 1 mCi/kg (37 MBq/kg) compared with 44% of placebo recipients (p < 0.025) [5].

High impact information on samarium

• The four EF hands of the protein are arranged in a compact array that contrasts with the dumbbell shape of calmodulin and troponin C. A calcium ion is bound to EF hand 3, while EF hand 2 can bind samarium but not calcium in this crystal form [6].
• A flow system using permanent samarium cobalt magnets effects the rapid and efficient removal of "magnetic" tumour cells from bone marrow [7].
• The crystal structure of the trimeric carbohydrate recognition domain and neck domain of SP-A was solved to 2.1-A resolution with multiwavelength anomalous dispersion phasing from samarium [8].
• In contrast to suggestions for samarium mediated reactions, the cyclization was shown to be thermodynamically favorable in agreement with earlier kinetic studies [9].
• On day 1, three meals were given with 57Fe (1 mg per meal) plus samarium (0.33 mg per meal); on day 2, identical meals (taken with a calcium supplement to reduce iron bioavailability) were given with equivalent amounts of 58Fe-labeled iron and ytterbium; on day 3, a well-absorbed reference dose of 54Fe (3 mg) was given with 1 mg Dy [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of samarium

• Gemcitabine radiosensitization after high-dose samarium for osteoblastic osteosarcoma [11].
• Because the available radiotherapeutic agents, strontium 89 and samarium 153 provide palliation to a limited population of women with bony metastases, new radiopharmaceutical agents with broader applicability are needed [12].
• Palliation of bone pain in patients with bone metastases has previously been evaluated using 153Sm (samarium) complexed to bone seeking ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (CAS 1429-50-1, EDTMP) [13].

Biological context of samarium

• After washing the streptavidin-coated plate, we added 10 microL of undiluted urine or mixed standard to the coated wells, followed by the addition of 100 microL of assay buffer containing the labeled reactants (i.e., europium-labeled PG and samarium-labeled anti-idiotype recognizing the binding site of the antibody to EG) [14].
• The Europium/Samarium fluorescence pattern is specific for each of the three genotypes (G/G, G/A, A/A) and clearly separates the three genotypes [15].
• A first oxalamidino complex of samarium via reduction-coupling of carbodiimine: synthesis and molecular structure of [eta4-C2(NR)4][(MeC5H4)2Sm(HMPA)]2.2THF (R = Pr i, Cy) [16].
• A glycosylation protocol based on activation of glycosyl 2-pyridyl sulfones with samarium triflate [17].
• Total syntheses of (+)-cytisine, (-)-kuraramine, (-)-isokuraramine, and (-)-jussiaeiine A were achieved via a samarium diiodide-promoted reductive deamination reaction, followed by simultaneous recyclization of a proline derivative to give the corresponding delta-lactam derivative, as a key step [18].

Anatomical context of samarium

• Samarium oxide was first detected in the small intestine 60 +/- 5 min after its ingestion; it reached the colon after 280 +/- 13 min and it was completely absent from the small intestine at 360 +/- 26 min [19].
• It was possible to differentiate the specific release from the three target cell lines because the emission lines of the europium, samarium and terbium complexes formed in the enhancer solution are well separated from each other [20].
• Neodymium iron boron and samarium cobalt thermoceptors of various shapes and sizes were placed into the cerebral cortex through a burr hole, then directed with the drive magnet [21].
• In these isolated mitochondria, samarium chloride was found to be a potent blocker of transport compared to previously reported sulfhydryl-based inhibitors [22].
• Samarium 153Sm lexidronam concentrates in bone tissue and has a metastatic lesion: normal bone ratio of 4 [5].

Associations of samarium with other chemical compounds

• We measured europium and samarium fluorescence, using a gated plate fluorometer with appropriate emission filters [14].
• The assay is based on DNA amplification of four fragments containing the mutations (delta F508, G1717-->A, G542X, R553X, 3905 insertion T, W1282X, and N1303K) by PCR, followed by hybridization with short, allele-specific oligonucleotide probes labeled with europium, terbium, or samarium chelates [23].
• A novel samarium diiodide (SmI2) promoted intramolecular cyclization of beta-ketoisothiocyanate, derived from alpha,beta-unsaturated esters and ammonium thiocyanate led to alpha-hydroxythiolactams and/or thiolactams in high yields [24].
• Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aryl ketones catalyzed by salt-free two samarium centers supported by a chiral multidentate alkoxy ligand [25].
• By the synergistic catalysis of samarium ion and mercaptan, a series of 5-oxoalkanals was converted to (substituted) delta-lactones in efficient and stereoselective manners [26].

Gene context of samarium

• Diffraction data were collected on a copper rotating-anode X-ray generator from one native UCK2 crystal and a single samarium-derivative crystal [27].
• The CEA concentration was determined by measuring the solution fluorescence of 643 nm from the samarium-labeled SA-BSA [28].
• Reduction is facile for a number of alkoxy groups that can complex samarium effectively but is not observed with TBS or benzyl protecting groups [29].
• Radical/polar crossover reactions of precursors 24-29 promoted by samarium diiodide in the presence of HMPA and acetone allow access to the fully functionalized BCD ring system of penitrem D [30].
• Carbene-catalyzed acyloin condensation of 7, followed by acetylation and samarium iodide reduction, gave linear precursor (2S,7S)-alpha,omega-diamino-4-oxosuberate 11, which was converted to N-(Boc)aminopyrrolizidin-2-one carboxylic acid 1 by a reductive amination/lactam cyclization sequence [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of samarium

• Europium and samarium as labels in time-resolved immunofluorometric assay of follitropin [32].
• To compensate for beam hardening, the Norland XR-36 introduces a dynamically changing samarium filtration system, which depends on the current-absorber thickness [33].
• Several electrically driven artificial hearts, based on samarium-cobalt magnet brushless direct-current motors, are now undergoing bench testing and will be ready for long-term animal studies within 2 years [34].
• Co-fluorescence of europium and samarium in time-resolved fluorimetric immunoassays [35].
• CONCLUSIONS: Systemic metabolic radiotherapy with samarium 153 lexidronam appears to be a safe and efficacious method for treating patients with bone pain [36].

References