Disease relevance of bromhexine

• Nebulization treatment with saline compared to bromhexine in treating chronic sinusitis in asthmatic children [1].
• METHODS: Twelve patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, who were unable to abstain from drinking, were administered bromhexine hydrochloride for 6 months to assess its therapeutic efficacy [2].
• Bromhexine treatment of Sjögren's syndrome: effect on lacrimal and salivary secretion, and on proteins in tear fluid and saliva [3].
• Influence of bromhexine on tear lysozome level in keratoconjunctivitis sicca [4].
• Double-blind crossover trial of bromhexine (Bisolvon) in the treatment of chronic bronchitis [5].

High impact information on bromhexine

• Ambroxol decreased the release of elastase and myeloperoxidase from activated neutrophils, whereas bromhexine was ineffective [6].
• Ambroxol prevented the A1AT inactivation by neutrophils, whereas bromhexine was completely ineffective [6].
• Ambroxol decreased the production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from activated neutrophils with high efficiency, whereas bromhexine had a modest activity [6].
• A capillary zone electrophoresis method is presented to separate sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, bromhexine and guaiacol by using a fused-silica capillary (60.2 cm x 75 microm I.D.). The separation was carried out at 30 kV and 25 degrees C in a 15 mM phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 6.2 as electrolyte [7].
• Extraction of the hydrophobic tertiary amine bromhexine from plasma using cyclohexane-heptafluorobutanol (99.5:0.5, v/v) was studied at different pH values [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of bromhexine

• Application of bromhexine metabolite VIII (NA 872) and bromhexine-glucose in treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome; experimental and clinical results [9].
• Erythromycin and bromhexine in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. A study on sputum penetration and clinical effectiveness [10].

Biological context of bromhexine

• The method is applied to the pharmacokinetics of bromhexine in humans [11].
• Percutaneous absorption of bromhexine in rats [12].
• The clinical effects were compared with the control group (N=12) who were given an inhalation of saline/bromhexine alone [13].
• The number of submucosal glandular cells which stained blue and purple with a combination of alcian blue at pH 2.5 and periodic acid-Schiff was decreased by bromhexine, but the cell number which stained red was markedly increased [14].
• Kinetics of bromhexine-mediated down-regulation of focal adhesive molecules of uterus and trophectoderm affecting conception in the rat [15].

Anatomical context of bromhexine

• The method was applied to the determination of bromhexine in blood serum and a pharmaceutical preparation [16].
• These findings suggest that the enzymes which are liberated from lysosomes into the cytoplasm by bromhexine may, at least in a part, be involved in the mucolytic action of the agent on AGP contained in mucus granules of the submucosal gland [17].
• The effect, studied using 99mTc-labelled red blood cells as a marker, was of similar quantity to that brought about by administering 16, 25 and 40 mg kg-1 doses of bromhexine [18].
• CONCLUSION: Bromhexine has shown interference in blastocyst attachment, conception, reduction in number of implantation sites and dwarfing of fetuses; hence, it is a potential candidate for antiimplantation [15].
• The role of alveolar macrophages in surfactant turnover. An experimental study with metabolite VIII of bromhexine (Ambroxol) [19].

Associations of bromhexine with other chemical compounds

• Determination of bromhexine as its trifluoroacetyl derivative by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection [20].
• Studies on the formation of cyclohexylamine and N-methylcyclohexylamine from bromhexine in animals and man, and simultaneous determination of cyclohexylamine and N-methylcyclohexylamine by gas chromatography [21].
• The effects of bromhexine hydrochloride and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine on guinea-pig uterine microflora [22].
• Simultaneous high-throughput determination of clenbuterol, ambroxol and bromhexine in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC with potentiometric detection [23].
• N-Acetylcysteine, ethylcysteine and bromhexine, under a low perfusion rate, did not affect the intracellular electrical activity [24].

Gene context of bromhexine

• We conclude that bromhexine 72 mg daily for 1 month had no effect on albumin excretion in IDDM patients with normal and pathological albuminuria [25].
• Detection limits (S/N=3) of 2.6 x 10(-10) mol l(-1) (injected concentration) for the highly hydrophobic bromhexine were achieved with the TOPA-based electrode and a cyano reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC with Uptisphere UP5CN-25QS silica column (250 x 4.6 mm i.d.) eluted with acetonitrile (AcN)-ethanol-perchloric acid (1.66 mM) (60:2:38, v/v/v) (pH* 2.45) [23].
• Effect of bromhexine on Sjögren's syndrome accompanied by rheumatoid arthritis [26].
• Bromhexine and COPD [27].
• Increased IFN-gamma release was observed following in vitro challenge of the patient's lymphocytes with paracetamol or bromhexine (110% and 157% increase, respectively) [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of bromhexine

• Determination of bromhexine in plasma by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Interference of lipoproteins on extraction [8].
• Patients received, at random, over a period of 2 weeks, either 2 ml saline or 2 ml bromhexine (2 mg/ml) t.i.d. by means of a home nebulizer [1].
• Albumin excretion was similar after treatment with bromhexine and placebo in all 3 groups [normoalbuminurics 3.6 (1.7-13.5) versus 3.3 (1.9-13.2) micrograms/min.; microalbuminurics 40 (20-128) versus 37 (20-103); macroalbuminurics 396 (247-2160) versus 443 (292-2592)] [25].
• PURPOSE: Quantitative evaluation of properties of bromhexine (B) for expression of uterine proteins in ovariectomized (OVX) and pregnant rats [15].
• Expectorant drugs ambroxol (AX) and bromhexine (BX) were determined by capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) with conductimetric detection [29].

References