Disease relevance of Albuminuria

• Unexpectedly, nephritis was more severe in MMP9(-/)- than in control mice, as attested by levels of serum creatinine and albuminuria, and the extent of crescents and fibrin deposits [1].
• Glomerular hypertrophy, hyperfiltration, and albuminuria were significantly suppressed by endostatin peptide (5 mg/kg) in STZ-induced diabetic mice [2].
• The concomitant changes in collagen-related fluorescence, albuminuria, and mesangial expansion with aminoguanidine therapy are consistent with the hypothesis that AGEs may play a role in the development of diabetic nephropathy [3].
• In vivo inhibition of PKC beta with LY333531 led to a reduction in albuminuria, structural injury, and TGF-beta expression, despite continued hypertension and hyperglycemia [4].
• However, after 6 mo of Valsartan treatment, proteinuria was reduced by 396 +/- 323 mg/24 h (26 +/- 18%) and albuminuria by 531 +/- 499 mg/24 h (41 +/- 21%) with regard to baseline values (P < 0.05) [5].

Psychiatry related information on Albuminuria

• In a time-study of active Heymann nephritis, the expression of agrin, the main heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the glomerular basement membrane, was analyzed in relation to deposition of IgG and complement in the glomerular capillary wall and the development of albuminuria [6].
• Within 5 years, 7.7% (4/52) of enalapril-treated subjects and 23.5% (12/51) of placebo-treated subjects progressed to clinical albuminuria defined as AER > 200 micrograms/min and at least 34% above baseline (risk reduction = 66.7%, P < 0.001) [7].

High impact information on Albuminuria

• The primary outcome was the time to the onset of diabetic nephropathy, defined by persistent albuminuria in overnight specimens, with a urinary albumin excretion rate that was greater than 200 microg per minute and at least 30 percent higher than the base-line level [8].
• Microalbuminuria or overt albuminuria was considered to be present if the ratio of albumin (in micrograms) to creatinine (in milligrams) was 17 to 299 or > or = 300, respectively, for men and 25 to 299 or > or = 300, respectively, for women [9].
• In the 9 patients older than 10 who had retinopathy or overt albuminuria, the mean plasma prorenin activity was 13.09 +/- 1.43 ng of angiotensin I per liter.second (P less than 0.0001) [10].
• We examined the role of leukocytic neutral proteinases by comparing the glomerular damage and albuminuria after injection of rabbit anti-mouse GBM antibodies in normal control mice (C57BL/6J, +/+) and in beige mice (C57BL/6J,bg/bg) in which PMN are deficient of the neutral proteinases elastase and cathepsin G [11].
• In addition, administration of scavengers of reactive oxygen metabolites, such as catalase and desferrioxamine, did not prevent the albuminuria in this model [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Albuminuria

• Only 1 of the 20 patients who had consistently normal plasma prorenin values had overt albuminuria (ratio of urinary albumin to creatinine, greater than 0.017) or retinopathy, whereas one or both of these complications appeared in 8 of the 14 who had at least one high prorenin value [10].
• When the increased albuminuria resulting from dietary protein augmentation is blunted with enalapril, serum albumin concentration is shown to increase in nephrotic rats [12].
• At day 14 and thereafter, doxorubicin-treated male rats showed albuminuria greater than or equal to 10 g/liter [13].
• Albuminuria, serum albumin, and serum creatine levels were assessed weekly [13].
• Here, we confirm this inference by demonstrating that Akita diabetic mice lacking the bradykinin B2 receptor develop overt albuminuria, excreting the equivalent of >550 mg/day albumin in humans, which contrasts with the microalbuminuria (equivalent to <150 mg/day) seen in their simply diabetic littermates [14].

Biological context of Albuminuria

• MEASUREMENTS: Degree of albuminuria at 24 hours, creatinine clearance, blood pressure, and hemoglobin A1c values [15].
• In a case-controlled prospective study of IDDM patients without albuminuria, serial glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurements were performed over an observation period of 10 years [16].
• Irbesartan treatment prevented the development of albuminuria and completely abrogated the down regulation of nephrin in diabetic rats [17].
• Effects on heart rate variability of metoprolol supplementary to ongoing ACE-inhibitor treatment in Type I diabetic patients with abnormal albuminuria [18].
• Dioctanoyl glycerol stimulated the leucocyte Na+/H+ antiport in normal subjects and diabetic patients without albuminuria, with significantly less stimulation in diabetic patients with albuminuria [19].

Anatomical context of Albuminuria

• We conclude that glomerular basement membrane heparan sulfate is susceptible to depolymerization by hydroxyl radicals leading to loss of glomerular basement membrane integrity and albuminuria [20].
• Orlistat therapy reduced body weight, waist and hip circumferences, percentage of total body fat, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and lipid levels, albuminuria, and insulin sensitivity indices in both groups (all, P<.05) [21].
• It is concluded that the known effects of smoking and nicotine on the sympathetic nervous system and on systemic hemodynamics are accompanied by significant acute changes in renal hemodynamics and albuminuria [22].
• Delivery of IL-10-expressing macrophages to nephritic rats produced a marked reduction in albuminuria compared with unmodified NTN or injection of Ad-null-transduced BMDM [23].
• We hypothesize that the direct binding of mAbs to at least two pathogenic domains on aminopeptidase A triggers the podocyte to release mediators that are involved in the observed albuminuria [24].

Gene context of Albuminuria

• Similarly, albuminuria developed in diabetic p27 +/+ mice but not in diabetic p27 -/- mice [25].
• In both mouse models, interstitial phosphorylated p38+ cells were associated with hyperglycaemia, increased HbA(1)c levels and albuminuria [26].
• GHR antagonism had a blunting effect on renal/glomerular hypertrophy and albuminuria in diabetic NOD mice [27].
• In 4-week-old dTGR, long-term treatment with ACE inhibition (cilazapril), AT1 receptor blockade (valsartan), and human renin inhibition (RO 65-7219) (each drug 10 mg/kg by gavage once a day for 3 weeks) completely prevented the development of albuminuria [28].
• RESULTS: Urinary levels (ng/g creatinine), but not serum levels, of MCP-1 increased in accordance with the extent of albuminuria [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Albuminuria

• Mevinolin improved serum lipid levels and reduced albuminuria in 5/6 nephrectomy rats without causing significant alterations in blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[30]
• An agglutination test (Three-drop Albutest) to detect these lesser degrees of albuminuria has been developed [31].
• After adjustment for age and sex intima media thickness was significantly correlated to body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, albuminuria and inversely correlated to high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol [32].
• OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with and without albuminuria and its ability to predict cardiac events in asymptomatic diabetic patients undergoing stress-rest thallium-201 myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography [33].
• Sixty-one patients with DN and residual albuminuria despite treatment with the recommended doses of ARB for >1 yr were randomly assigned to receive the addition of 1200 mg of PTF daily (n = 30) or to a control group (n = 31) [34].

References