Disease relevance of trichlorochromium

• Methods are described for the detection of potato virus X (PVX) by reverse passive haemagglutination (RPH) by means of polyclonal antiviral antibodies coupled to sheep red blood cells (sRBC) and the chromic chloride method [1].
• If Tween-ether treated hemagglutinin is used in the HIG test, zones of hemolysis are detectable only after treatment of the erythrocytes with TOD, chromic chloride and potassium periodate [2].
• A human monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) produced in vitro by an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-immortalized cell line was purified by protein A-Sepharose adsorption and coupled by the chromic chloride method to human erythrocytes [3].
• Proteins (human immunoglobulin G and protein A of Staphylococcus aureus) coupled to the surface of erythrocytes (sheep, mice, man and chicken) and to mouse spleen lymphocytes by chromic chloride technique acquire electron-dense properties and may be visualized in electron microscopy [4].
• Intravenous administration of mouse myelin basic protein covalently coupled with chromic chloride to syngeneic spleen cells (MBP-SC) prevents the subsequent induction of experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) [5].

High impact information on trichlorochromium

• Chromium nicotinate, nicotinic acid, and chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate did not produce chromosome damage at equivalent nontoxic doses [6].
• The in vivo binding of chromium to whole chromatin, polynucleosomes, DNA, and cytoplasmic RNA-protein fraction from liver and kidney was examined after treatment of rats with sodium dichromate and chromium(III) chloride [7].
• In a group of 115 retired BUF breeders (females older than 1 year), 26% had mononuclear cell infiltration of the thyroid and high titers of thyroid antibodies detectable by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and chromic chloride passive hemagglutination (CCH) [8].
• On viable cell preparations using chromic chloride-treated sheep erythrocytes (CrCl3SRBC) coated with anti-F(ab')2 antibody, a mean of 20.1% of the lymphocytes formed rosettes, i.e., were B [9].
• Sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster V79 cells treated with the trivalent chromium compounds chromic chloride and chromic oxide [10].

Biological context of trichlorochromium

• A synthetic DNA replication template was treated with increasing concentrations of chromium(III) chloride [11].
• A dose of 1 mM chromic chloride produced 71% cell survival, and damaged 86% of the mitochondria, with 22% of the cells undergoing apoptosis [12].
• Chromic chloride coupling of antibody was preferred to biotinylation [13].
• As an additional correlate of cellular immunity, YED-histoplasmin was coupled with chromic chloride to murine erythrocytes (M-RBC) and mixed with immune or nonimmune splenic lymphocytes to detect antigen-specific rosette forming cells (RFC's) [14].
• The influence of humic acid (HA) on the toxicity and bioavailability of two forms of trivalent chromium (chromic chloride and chrome lignosulfonate) was evaluated using a common freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia pulex [15].

Anatomical context of trichlorochromium

• This report describes the development of a solid-phase haemadsorption system using chromic chloride-linked, antibody coated erythrocytes [16].
• Bovine erythrocytes were coated with avidin using a chromic chloride coupling technique and used successfully in an indirect rosette assay to identify and quantitate: (a) T-lymphocyte helper and suppressor subpopulations, and (b) Ia positive B-lymphocyte populations [17].
• Antibody fractions separated by DEAE chromatography of ascitic fluids were coupled to ox red cells with chromic chloride and compared with polyclonal antibodies for the detection of cell-surface immunoglobulins [18].
• Sheep red blood cells coated with rabbit anti-erythrocyte antibodies and treated with chromic chloride showed continuous electron-opaque labelling of the cell membrane due to chelation of rabbit IgG with chromium atoms [4].

Associations of trichlorochromium with other chemical compounds

• Chromium(VI) oxide and chromium(III) chloride were tested in the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster according to standard procedures [19].
• Male NIH Swiss mice (12 per group) were exposed 2 weeks before mating (once, ip) to urethane (1.5 g/kg) or chromium(III) chloride (1 mmol/kg) [20].
• The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of trivalent (chromic chloride) and hexavalent (potassium dichromate) forms of chromium in the African mouth breeder Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), with reference to the humoral immune response and lymphoid cells/organs [21].
• DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) were induced in intact human leukemic T-lymphocyte MOLT4 cells or isolated nuclei by treatment with potassium chromate, chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate or x-rays [22].
• Tannic acid and chromic chloride-induced binding of protein to red cells: a preliminary study of possible binding sites and reaction mechanisms [23].

Gene context of trichlorochromium

• Using this property, protein A coupled to sheep red blood cells via chromic chloride can detect alloantibodies to mouse H-2, Thy-1, Ly-1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and Ia antigenic specificities bound to the surface of lymphocytes by the formation of rosettes [24].
• It was found that cells producing anti-TT antibody can be detected in the circulation in a hemolytic plaque assay using sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coated with TT by the chromic chloride method [25].
• Measure of rheumatoid factor in human sera by passive haemagglutination of human erythrocytes carrying immunoglobulin linked by chromic chloride [26].
• Purified and human serum Fn agglutinate chromic chloride treated sheep red cells coated with gelatin in a quantitative and reproducible manner [27].
• The ECDI consistently couples IgG to SRC and does not subject the SRC to sporadic spontaneous lysis, as does chromic chloride [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of trichlorochromium

• Seventy-six adult subjects, 48 males and 28 females, were given placebo or 200 micrograms Cr in the form of chromic chloride in a double-blind crossover study, with 3-month experimental periods, to determine basal serum Cr levels and the effects of Cr supplementation on serum Cr and related variables [29].
• Microarray analysis of altered gene expression in the TM4 Sertoli-like cell line exposed to chromium(III) chloride [30].
• Two methods of detecting antibodies to tetanus toxoid were compared, a radioimmunoassay (RIA) employing radiolabelled staphylococcal protein A and a direct haemagglutination (HA) method employing sheep erythrocytes coupled to tetanus toxoid with chromic chloride [31].

References