Disease relevance of Imidazolidinethione

• Ethylene thiourea (ETU). A review of the genetic toxicity studies [1].
• Ethylenethiourea-induced hydrocephalus: pre- and postnatal pathogenesis in offspring from rats given a single oral dose during pregnancy [2].
• Treatment of tadpoles with goitrogenic compounds (sodium perchlorate and ethylenethiourea) increased TSHbeta mRNA expression (approximately twofold) and caused thyroid gland hyperplasia, confirming that feedback along the pituitary-thyroid axis was operative [3].
• A positive control group of 15 dams received daily oral doses of 85 mg ethylenethiourea (ETU)/kg body weight on gestation days 11, 12, and 13; positive control dams received no MF exposure [4].
• The vertebral and rib abnormalities found in ETU-exposed fetuses with ARMs but no rachischisis were much less severe [5].

Psychiatry related information on Imidazolidinethione

• ETU was completely degraded at 500 ppm of HPA after 30 min of reaction time [6].

High impact information on Imidazolidinethione

• The degradation of ethylenethiourea depends on the concentration in the water implying first order reaction kinetics [7].
• The microbial degradation of ethylenethiourea is highly temperature dependent with aerobic Q10 between 2.9 and 4.2, and an anaerobic between 2.1 and 2 [7].
• After administration of thiourea for periods of 10 days to 4 months and also of ethylenethiourea for 6 months thyroid glands were examined morphologically by immunoperoxidase staining using anti-19S-thyroglobulin and anti-albumin antisera [8].
• Ethylenethiourea (ETU) is a specific neuroteratogen that induces communicating hydrocephalus ex vacuo at oral doses far lower than those that cause any observable toxic sign or 50% death (LD50) in the rat dam [9].
• Endometrial carcinogenesis induced by concurrent oral administration of ethylenethiourea (ETU) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) was investigated in ICR (Crj:CD-1) female mice [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Imidazolidinethione

• We confirm that a potentially toxic metabolite of dithiocarbamate fungicides, namely ethylenethiourea (ETU), has minimal toxicity toward C. elegans, even after prolonged exposure at high concentrations [11].
• The available literature was searched for quantitative test results from both in vitro and in vivo assays for developmental toxicity for five model compounds: cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, hydroxyurea, caffeine, and ethylenethiourea [12].
• Initiating and promoting effects of concurrent oral administration of ethylenethiourea and sodium nitrite on uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma development in Donryu rats [13].

Biological context of Imidazolidinethione

• Analysis of developmental stages on exposure day 20 and monitoring of time to fore limb emergence (FLE) revealed retardation and complete arrest of tadpole development at 25 mg/l and 50 mg/l ETU, respectively [14].
• Mutagenicity studies on ethylenethiourea. II. Cytogenetic analysis [proceedings] [15].
• The genetic toxicology of ethylenethiourea: a case study concerning the evaluation of a chemical's genotoxic potential [16].
• Results demonstrate the successful detection of anti-thyroidal effects of ETU in Xenopus laevis tadpoles using various endpoints and highlight the particular sensitivity of thyroid gland histology to detect thyroid system disruption in tadpoles [14].
• Species differences between rats and mice in the teratogenic action of ethylenethiourea: in vivo/in vitro tests and teratogenic activity of sera using an embryonic cell differentiation system [17].

Anatomical context of Imidazolidinethione

• After administration of ethylenethiourea for a period of 3-8 months, C cells revealed a marked decrease of secretory granules and appearance of vesicular inclusions of various sizes, which were immunoreactive to the calcitonin antiserum, indicating a disturbance of calcitonin synthesis [18].
• Therefore, the different sensitivity of the midbrains of these two species may be one reason that ethylenethiourea is teratogenic in rats but not in mice [17].
• Liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection of ethylenethiourea in blood serum after microwave irradiation as an auxiliary cleanup step [19].
• In vivo/in vitro studies on rats showed that ethylenethiourea inhibited the differentiation of midbrain cells more severely than that of limb bud cells [17].
• With the already known exception of ethylenethiourea (ETU), no pesticide produced enhanced numbers of micronuclei in mouse bone-marrow erythrocytes when fed together with nitrite [20].

Associations of Imidazolidinethione with other chemical compounds

• Antimitochondrial effects of thioacetamide and ethylenethiourea in human and yeast cell cultures [21].
• This article reviews the literature on possible thyroid disruption in wildlife, humans, and experimental animals and focuses on the most studied chemicals: the pesticides DDT, amitrole, and the thiocarbamate family, including ethylenethiourea, and the industrial chemicals polyhalogenated hydrocarbons, phenol derivatives, and phthalates [22].
• Alkylation of the 2-imidazolidinone (1) afforded the N-alkylated products, while alkylation of the 2-imidazolidinethione (12) afforded the S-alkylated derivatives accompanied with a small quantity of the N-alkylated products [23].
• Enhancement of ethylenethiourea recoveries in food analyses by addition of cysteine hydrochloride [24].
• Environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to mancozeb, ethylenethiourea, and dimethoate during industrial formulation [25].

Gene context of Imidazolidinethione

• Rat hepatic microsomal metabolism of ethylenethiourea. Contributions of the flavin-containing monooxygenase and cytochrome P-450 isozymes [26].
• Mechanism of thyroid peroxidase inhibition by ethylenethiourea [27].
• The concentration of ethylenethiourea in rat sera was only 2-fold higher than that in mice sera at 2 hr after dosing with 200 mg/kg [17].
• After chronic treatment of ethylenethiourea, immunoreaction of somatostatin in C cells was the same as that of calcitonin [28].
• The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of expression of Shh and its downstream genes during hindgut development in ETU-exposed embryos with anorectal malformations (ARMs) [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Imidazolidinethione

• Determination of ethylenethiourea in crops using particle beam liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry [30].
• Determination of ethylenethiourea in food commodities by a two-step derivatization method and gas chromatography with electron-capture and nitrogen-phosphorus detection [31].
• The procedure was applied to the determination of ethylenethiourea in serum samples by HPLC with spectrophotometric detection [19].
• Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed increased mRNA expression of the alpha- and beta-subunits of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHalpha, TSHbeta) in pituitary tissue of tadpoles exposed to 25 and 50 mg/l ETU [14].
• By contrast, 100% of the fetuses in the positive control group treated with ETU demonstrated malformations and reduced body weight [4].

References