Disease relevance of Etidocaine

• Etidocaine toxicity in the adult, newborn, and fetal sheep [1].
• In contrast, no significant difference in etidocaine blood concentrations at the onset of each toxic symptom was observed among the groups except that convulsions and hypotension occurred at lower blood levels in the fetus as compared with the newborn and adult [1].
• The data show that lidocaine, bupivacaine, and etidocaine equally protect against epinephrine-induced arrhythmias in dogs anesthetized with halothane [2].
• Comparisons of etidocaine blood concentrations associated with the onset of convulsions and circulatory collapse (CC/CNS ratio) with those of lidocaine reported previously indicate that a narrower margin exists in adults and newborn following administration of etidocaine [1].
• Topical etidocaine during laparoscopic tubal occlusion for postoperative pain relief [3].

Psychiatry related information on Etidocaine

• The results suggest that such psychomotor performance as driving ability is impaired for at least 2 h after a patient receives 1.3 mg/kg of plain bupivacaine or 2.6 mg/kg of plain etidocaine intramuscularly [4].

High impact information on Etidocaine

• We hypothesize that bupivacaine and etidocaine act by a novel "flickering channel" mechanism, in which transient linear complexes of free base molecules provide weak binding sites (energy wells) for protons within lipid bilayer membranes [5].
• Half-maximum inhibiting concentrations (IC50) for extracellular application of bupivacaine, ropivacaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, lidocaine, and QX-314 were 0.21, 4.2, 8.6, 56, 220, and > 10,000 microM, respectively [6].
• The tissue distribution characteristics of various amide-type agents are similar, because more extensive plasma binding offsets the greater tissue affinity of the more lipophilic compounds bupivacaine and etidocaine [7].
• Serum concentrations at which bupivacaine (and etidocaine) exert cardiac toxicity seem to be similar to those producing CNS toxicity [8].
• Application of intermediate strength concentrations of the local anesthetics, 2-chloroprocaine, lidocaine, etidocaine, and intermediate or high concentrations of procaine to the surface of rat sciatic nerves resulted in the following changes [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Etidocaine

• A hundred patients scheduled for elective abdominal surgery were randomized to either general anaesthesia (low-dose fentanyl) and systemic morphine for postoperative pain or combined general anaesthesia and epidural analgesia with etidocaine 1.5% intraoperatively (T4-S5) and bupivacaine 0.5% 5 ml/4 h for 24 h and morphine 4 mg/12 h for 72 h [10].
• The duration of motor nerve block produced by etidocaine plain and by etidocaine with epinephrine was considerably longer than that produced by lidocaine with epinephrine, and fewer patients reported postoperative pain after either etidocaine plain or etidocaine with epinephrine than after lidocaine with epinephrine [11].
• The analgesic efficacy of the combination of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, flurbiprofen, and a long-acting local anesthetic, etidocaine, was evaluated for the suppression of acute postoperative pain [12].

Biological context of Etidocaine

• Changes in mean arterial pressure cardiac output, central venous pressure, limb blood flows, total peripheral resistance, and stroke volume were similar with the two drugs, although those after etidocaine were more prolonged as a result of the longer blockade [13].
• Block of fast axonal transport in vitro by the local anesthetics dibucaine and etidocaine [14].
• This suggests that etidocaine augments the leakage of norepinephrine out of the storage vesicles, making more catecholamines available for intraneuronal deamination [15].
• Pharmacokinetics of etidocaine in fetal and neonatal lambs and adult sheep [16].
• Etidocaine and extradural somatosensory evoked potentials after posterior tibial nerve stimulation [17].

Anatomical context of Etidocaine

• In contrast, etidocaine in eight studies caused marked attenuation of the responses recorded from the long tracts of the spinal cord white matter, associated with only minimal corresponding changes at the dorsal entry zone or peripheral nerve levels [18].
• These results indicate that in the central nervous system, as previously demonstrated in the peripheral nervous system, high concentrations of etidocaine alter vesicular storage of NE, resulting in more NE leaking into the cytoplasm where it is metabolized to an inactive metabolite [19].
• The presence of etidocaine did not significantly alter the release of NE from synaptosomes superfused with high potassium (40 mM), a calcium-dependent exocytotic release process [19].
• When changes in isometric tension of helical strips of dog saphenous veins were recorded, etidocaine caused a dose-dependent depression of the contractile responses to nerve stimulation, norepinephrine and K+ [15].
• Thus, in addition to an inhibitory effect on the responses of smooth muscle cells, amide-linked local anesthetic agents such as etidocaine depress adrenergic neurotransmission in the blood vessel wall, which helps explain their vasodilator properties in the intact organism [15].

Associations of Etidocaine with other chemical compounds

• Initial onset of sensory analgesia to pin prick was faster for etidocaine (7 min) than for lidocaine (9 min) [13].
• Ten healthy, unpremedicated, male volunteers, aged 21-33 years, were given 20 ml 1 per cent etidocaine with 5 mug/ml epinephrine for peridural analgesia via a catheter placed L2 [13].
• Of the four local anesthetics tested, 2-chloroprocaine produced the greatest differential rate of block of the nerve fibers, and etidocaine produced the least [20].
• Half-maximal tonic inhibiting concentrations (IC50), as obtained from concentration-effect curves for Na+ current block were: tetracaine 0.7 microM, etidocaine 18 microM, bupivacaine 27 microM, procaine 60 microM, mepivacaine 149 microM, and lidocaine 204 microM [21].
• For quadriceps muscle function, motor blockade was almost complete with all three local anaesthetics; the duration of maximum motor blockade was short (45-60 min) for mepivacaine, but about 5 h with etidocaine [22].

Gene context of Etidocaine

• Before operation, epidural etidocaine had no significant effects on peak-to-peak amplitude of SEPs to electrical stimulation at the L1, T10 or T6 dermatomal level (P greater than 0.09) [23].
• At the lower parts of the abdomen (T11), etidocaine gave more profound and longer motor blockade than mepivacaine [22].
• Etidocaine (1 microgram/ml) was found to bind avidly to a physiological concentration (74 mg/dl) of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP) (7.23 +/- 0.64%, mean +/- SD, unbound) [24].
• Also, 4 ml. of etidocaine was found to have a more rapid onset and longer duration than the same volume of bupivacaine, 6.3 vs. 8.3 min. onset, and 487 vs. 449 min. duration, respectively [25].
• The low ratios of bupivacaine and etidocaine result from extensive binding (90%) of these drugs to maternal alpha1-acid glycoprotein which exceeds corresponding fetal protein binding (50%) [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Etidocaine

• Analgesia lasted significantly longer after etidocaine with respect to both two-segment regression (177 plus or minus SE min vs. 114 plus or minus 8 min) and total duration (379 plus or minus 22 min vs. 190 plus or minus 8 min) [13].
• Bupivacaine and etidocaine for lumbar epidural anesthesia for intra-abdominal pelvic surgery, a double-blind study [27].
• The central nervous system toxicities of etidocaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine were studied during constant-rate intravenous infusions in rhesus monkeys [28].
• High epidural anesthesia with the local anesthetic etidocaine to a T-1 myotomal level significantly (P < 0.05) increased intrathoracic volume at end-expiration [76 +/- 35 mL (M +/- SD)] by significantly increasing both intrathoracic tissue volume (33 +/- 15 mL) and FRC (43 +/- 26 mL) [29].
• The effectiveness and safety of etidocaine during extradural anaesthesia for Caesarean section were evaluated in 81 patients [30].

References