Disease relevance of HP

• The diagnostic value of haptoglobin in differentiating between healthy animals and those with mastitis gave sensitivities and specificities of 82 per cent and 94 per cent respectively with serum and 86 per cent and 100 per cent with milk [1].
• The protein was purified from serum obtained from a cow with fatty liver, and was identified as haptoglobin, which is known to have hemoglobin-binding capacity and to be an acute-phase protein [2].
• Serum haptoglobin as an indicator of the acute phase response in bovine respiratory disease [3].
• Haptoglobin measurements were not a good indicator of Salmonella infection status [4].
• Detection of annexin I and IV and haptoglobin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from calves experimentally inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica [5].

Psychiatry related information on HP

• The initial banding procedure did not alter heifer physiology and altered only eating behavior, but the cutting of the tail (docking) increased haptoglobin in response to the tissue damage and returned eating behavior to baseline [6].

High impact information on HP

• Anticoagulation was not used in the postoperative period during which time monthly laboratory parameters were obtained including hemoglobin, hematocrit, white cell count, red cell count and indices, lactic acid dehydrogenase, serum haptoglobin, and, additionally at sacrifice, platelet and red cell morphology [7].
• Hp with smaller sizes obtained from native Hp by partial reduction with cysteine showed almost the same Hb-binding capacity [8].
• Glucagon given with dexamethasone depressed albumin and haptoglobin synthesis markedly, but not that of fibrinogen and alpha1-acid glycoprotein [9].
• Although the dose of dexamethasone (total 1.0 mug.) used was insufficient to induce synthesis of alpha2-acute phase globulin, net syntheses of albumin, fibrogen, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and haptoglobin were increased [9].
• In contrast, for the two non-tyrosine-sulphated proteins (haptoglobin and transferrin) tested, co-precipitation of the TyrS-binding protein was not observed [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of HP

• Induction of Hp was achieved by a combination of dexamethasone administration (0.1 mg/kg of body weight) and 2 days' starvation [11].
• Parenchymal cells were isolated from the liver of male calves, and monolayer cultures formed were treated with glucocorticoids to examine whether haptoglobin, appearance of which is associated with hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver) in cattle, is induced by steroid hormones [12].
• To assess the relevance of haptoglobin in fatty liver, cattle were classified in 3 groups (healthy control, haptoglobin-positive, and haptoglobin-negative); liver triglyceride content and several serum biochemical variables were evaluated for the 3 groups [2].
• In order to assess the association of cow serum haptoglobin with fatty liver, haptoglobin concentrations were evaluated by single radial immunodiffusion in sera from cows after administration of ethionine (an analogue of methionine) [13].

Biological context of HP

• Hp concentrations were also measured in the serum collected from 11 other cows within 3 weeks after parturition [14].
• These results demonstrate that Hp concentration may be a useful indicator for cows with postpartum reproductive disorders [14].
• The amino acid sequence of concanavalin A was found to be 53.6% related to trypsin and haptoglobin [15].
• Serum haptoglobin levels, cardiac rhythm and the body temperature of vaccinated cows during the 24-72 h post-challenge were lower than in non-vaccinated animals [16].
• The change of protein kinase C-catalyzed phosphorylation was suggested to be involved in the induction of Hp in cows [11].

Anatomical context of HP

• Although the Sahiwals became as anaemic as the Holsteins, other measures of pathology, including enlargement of the draining lymph node and the acute phase proteins, alpha1 acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin, were significantly less in the Sahiwals than in the Holsteins (P<0.05) [17].
• Regulation of haptoglobin secretion by recombinant bovine cytokines in primary cultured bovine hepatocytes [18].
• Haptoglobin mRNA was detected in the liver, but not in the ovary or oviduct [19].
• In blood of immunized animals, haptoglobin was present and expression of surface adhesion molecules on neutrophils was modified whereas no change was observed concerning the lymphocyte subpopulations [20].
• Increases in milk haptoglobin and SAA were specific for the infected udder quarters [21].

Associations of HP with chemical compounds

• By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, lipoprotein (5.2% +/- 0.41), IgM (11.4% +/- 3.1), IgG (9.4% +/- 0.98), haptoglobin 21.8% +/- 3.73), transferrin (10.4% +/- 2.15), ceruloplasmin (7.8% +/- 1.3), postalbumin (20.8% +/- 2.09), and albumin (13.7% +/- 0.75) were identified provisionally [22].
• Endotoxin increased rectal temperature (RT) and the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cortisol, haptoglobin (Hp), thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) [23].
• LPS increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cortisol, and haptoglobin but decreased plasma glucose and IGF-I [24].
• Other than glucocorticoids, estradiol induced haptoglobin release, whereas progesterone was less effective [12].
• Haptoglobin mRNA expression was then quantitatively evaluated by real-time RT-PCR in mammary biopsies collected from the treated and the control quarter before, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after LPS challenge from 6 other cows [25].

Other interactions of HP

• Serum amyloid A had a maximum (100 per cent) clinical sensitivity in discriminating between the acute and chronic cases, and haptoglobin had the highest clinical specificity of 76 per cent; counts of neutrophils and band neutrophils had sensitivities of 71 per cent and 42 per cent and specificities of 30 per cent and 72 per cent, respectively [26].
• Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), like haptoglobin, was not detected in blood [27].
• Sequential changes in plasma fibrinogen, serum haptoglobin, acid-soluble glyco-proteins and alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor activity were analysed and compared with both the clinical and bacteriological findings and the final outcome of the disease after calving [28].
• Results were compared to the bovine acute phase protein haptoglobin, and to lactalbumin, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins in plasma from calves [29].
• Haptoglobin appearance in serum was not associated with the increase of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (a marker for inflammation) [11].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of HP

• The Hp assay developed in this study gave a good correlation (r=0.893)with Western blotting [14].
• When NHS containing different Hp allotypes is fractionated by gel filtration, TLF1 activity is either revealed or remains masked, depending on whether it coelutes with Hp [30].
• Masked TLF1 activity in the column fractions is revealed if Hp is removed by density gradient ultracentrifugation [30].
• Amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence analyses revealed that both peptides were homologous to each counterpart of human Hp [8].
• Four successive steps (immunoprecipitation of Hp, electrophoresis of the cleared serum, Western blotting of the separated proteins, and detection of hemoglobin-related molecules based on the peroxidase properties of the heme moiety), provided electropherograms that could be easily interpreted in terms of the presence of HBOCs [31].

References