Disease relevance of Mammary Glands, Animal

• Mycoplasma organisms were readily recognized in samples of milk or udder secretions from cows with clinical Mycoplasma bovis mastitis when these samples were stained with 0.01% acridine orange at pH 3 [1].
• Location of Staphylococcus aureus within the experimentally infected bovine udder and the expression of capsular polysaccharide type 5 in situ [2].
• The endotoxin inoculation comprised 10 micrograms of Escherichia coli O26:B6 lipopolysaccharide injected into one of the rear quarters (mammae) [3].
• Forty women undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia for hyperplasia mammae were randomized to treatment with low dose heparin (5000 IU twice daily) or not [4].
• Expression of the bactericidal peptide beta-defensin 5 (BNBD5) is strongly induced by bacterial infections of the udder (mastitis) [5].

High impact information on Mammary Glands, Animal

• The release and vascular action of bradykinin in the isolated perfused bovine udder [6].
• Thus, in addition to its secretion into milk, BK, together with its precursor and tissue kallikrein, is continuously released into the vasculature of the isolated, perfused, lactating bovine udder [6].
• Recycling of glucose 6-phosphate in the udder accounted for about 25% of the glucose 6-phosphate metabolized [7].
• 2. Glucose carbon was oxidized and metabolizet to milk lactose, citrate and triacylglycerol in the lactating goat udder [7].
• This assertion is supported by studies of ovariectomized heifers, in which increased stromal IGFBP-3 and reduced IGF-I correspond with a failure of udder development [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Mammary Glands, Animal

• Milk from cows with evidence of udder infection had higher sodium and chloride and lower potassium than cows free of mastitis [9].
• A recently described new Staphylococcus aureus vaccine "MASTIVAC I" (Patent no. PTC/IL98/00627) against S. aureus udder infection elicited protection against experimentally induced infection in cows [10].
• Post-dipping with chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide reduced incidence of udder infection by major mastitis pathogens 36.1% when data were combined from the two herds [11].
• The effect of subclinical mastitis on the citric acid concentration of cow's milk was studied by comparing milk from the mastitic quarter with that from a healthy quarter of the same udder [12].
• This study shows that Mycoplasma ovine/caprine serogroup 11 is pathogenic to the lactating udder of goats and produces marked biochemical alterations in the milk [13].

Biological context of Mammary Glands, Animal

• A rapid and intense inflammatory response, characterized by udder swelling, increased bovine serum albumin (BSA) and somatic cell count (SCC) in milk of infected glands, and elevated rectal temperature and serum cortisol concentration, began at approximately 12 hr after challenge [14].
• Marked decreases in udder blood flow, glucose uptake, lactose secretion and milk yield were apparent in mid- and late lactation of both groups of 87.5% HF animals [15].
• Variations in mammary protein metabolism during the natural filling of the udder with milk over a 12-h period between two milkings: leucine kinetics [16].
• A split udder design was used in which right quarters were undipped controls and left quarters were dipped with latex dip once daily for approximately 14 d prior to parturition [17].
• However, prolactin uptake was quickly restored to about 2 micrograms/min per half udder shortly after milk ejection [18].

Anatomical context of Mammary Glands, Animal

• Arteriovenous balance across the udder indicated a very efficient extraction of leucine by the mammary gland [19].
• It has been reported that mammalian serum, and to a lower extent mammalian liver, brain, pancreas, udder, and milk, contain glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D activity [20].
• From negative correlations between production and concentrations of chloride, somatic cells, and N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase activity, differences between udder halves in production may be related to changes of the blood-milk barrier, leukocyte diapedesis, and loss of integrity of secretory cells [21].
• The postsynaptic alpha-blocking agent prazosin ( PRZS ) injected either into the udder artery (2 or 5 mg) or into the jugular vein (200 mg) consistently induced a significant increase in milk leakage [22].
• A 3 d course of intramammary therapy with cloxacillin, commencing simultaneously with an infecting inoculum of approximately 10(8) colony forming units (c.f.u.) S. aureus, apparently eliminated the infection from one quarter of the udders of each of three lactating cows, but bacteria were re-isolated from two cows after a delay of several days [23].

Associations of Mammary Glands, Animal with chemical compounds

• Effects of progesterone on mammary carcinogenesis by DMBA applied directly to rat mammae [24].
• Reduction in mammae development score by sialoadenectomy was observed in both mice saline injected and mice treated with estradiol and progesterone [25].
• METHODS: Saline-enhanced RF ablation was performed in human breast tissue specimens and cow udder tissue [26].
• A daily injection of OB (250 microgram) and progesterone (60 mg) stimulated a significant, accumulative increase in prolactin in the circulation after 15 and 65 days and this was accompanied by udder growth [27].
• Several triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, that contain two short-chain fatty acids (C4 to C8) at the sn-2 and sn-3 positions of the glycerol backbone, were isolated from bovine udder by using solvent extraction and silica gel column chromatography [28].

Gene context of Mammary Glands, Animal

• In the lactating udders, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha, but not IL-8 and GM-CSF, induced significant accumulation of cells [29].
• The number of TLR2 copies correlated well with those of TLR4, indicating coordinated regulation of these two PRRs during infection of the udder [30].
• EMSA analyses revealed that both un-stimulated MEC models as well as extracts from healthy udders already display considerable levels of binding competent NF-kappaB [5].
• Antibacterial effect of bovine lactoferrin against udder pathogens [31].
• The cell accumulation induced by IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha was dose and time dependent in lactating udders, and time-dependent in teat cisterns [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Mammary Glands, Animal

• The mean clearance rate of progesterone by the udder was 0-279 1/min, 8-8% of the metabolic clearance rate [32].
• Of 9 cows that were given a combination of liposomal streptomycin and long-acting oxytetracycline, 5 (56%) were cured, 3 had 10 or fewer colonies on culture plates of tissue after necropsy and only 1 continued to shed B abortus in udder secretions after treatment [33].
• A balloon was positioned in the body of the uterus to record changes in intrauterine pressure following clitoral massage, cervical massage, vaginal distention, electrical stimulation of the cervix and vagina, tailhead rubbing, udder massage and the injection of oxytocin or PGF2 alpha [34].
• After topical administration into the teat cisterns of the isolated bovine udder Myrtol stand. increased the surface temperature, comparable to effects of menthol [35].
• Disposition of enrofloxacin (Baytril) into the udder after intravenous and intra-arterial injections into dairy cows [36].

References