Disease relevance of TGFB2

• Association of INOS, TRAIL, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, and IgL genes with response to Salmonella enteritidis in poultry [1].
• We have shown that the hypertrophy and apoptosis of chick chondrocytes in culture is associated with the release and activation of transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2) [2].
• Expression of bFGF and TGF-beta 2 in experimental myopia in chicks [3].

High impact information on TGFB2

• TGF-beta 2, TGF-beta 3 and the ligand-binding TGF-beta receptor can be detected immunocytochemically in the central retina, a region where apoptosis is most prominent during the early period of PCD [4].
• The experiments consisted of local administration of TGF beta-1, TGF beta-2 or BMP-4 by means of heparin or Affi-gel blue beads to the chick limb autopod in the stages preceding the onset of interdigital cell death [5].
• Here we report characterization of an essential E-box motif, positioned at -50/-45 between a previously described functional cAMP response element/activating transcription factor site and the TATA box of the human TGF-beta2 promoter [6].
• The importance of the E-box motif described in this study is supported by the presence of an E-box motif in the same position in the chicken TGF-beta2 gene promoter [6].
• Transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) is an important regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation; however, its transcriptional regulation is not well understood [6].

Biological context of TGFB2

• Associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in transforming growth factor beta2 (TGFB2), 3, and 4 genes with antibody response parameters were evaluated [7].
• Using a simian transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) cDNA probe, we have isolated chicken cDNA clones for TGF-beta 2 from a chicken embryo chondrocyte cDNA library [8].
• A SstI RFLP at the chicken transforming growth factor-beta 2 locus (TGFB2) [9].
• However, in some cases, localization of TGF-beta 2 and beta 3 proteins was different from that of the mRNAs, indicating that a complex mechanism of transcription, translation and secretion exits during chicken embryogenesis [10].
• The TGF-beta2 polymorphisms between broiler and Leghorn and the TGF-beta4 polymorphism between broiler and Fayoumi were associated with traits of skeletal integrity, such as tibia length, bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and the percentage of each measure to BW [11].

Anatomical context of TGFB2

• In chondrocytes and fibroblasts, the 3.9- and 4.3-kb TGF-beta 2 mRNAs are both expressed at higher levels than the 8-kb TGF-beta 2 mRNA; however, in developing chicken embryos, the level of expression of the 8-kb mRNA is higher than that of the 3.9- and 4.3-kb mRNAs [8].
• In contrast, expression of TGF-beta s 2, 3, and 4 mRNAs was constitutive in myocytes cultured from 7- to 9-day-old embryonic hearts; expression of TGF-beta s 3 and 4 mRNAs increased, while expression of TGF-beta 2 mRNA remained unchanged in myocytes from 10-day-old embryos [12].
• At embryonic day (E) 3, TGF-beta 3 mRNA as well as TGF-beta 2 and 3 immunoreactivities (IRs) were most prominent in the notochord, wall of the aorta, and dermomyotome [13].
• In chicken hearts, both transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-beta3) and TGF-beta2 are present and have been identified as being important in the production of cushion mesenchyme [14].
• At E5 and E7, strong TGF-beta 2 and 3 IR were seen in or on radial glia of spinal cord and hindbrain [13].

Associations of TGFB2 with chemical compounds

• Retinoic acid also has contrasting effects on chondrocytes and myocytes either increasing or decreasing, respectively, expression of TGF-beta s 2 and 3 mRNAs and TGF-beta 2 protein [15].
• The LSN condition has elevated expression of TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta4 with increased expression of decorin and decreased beta1 integrin during myogenic satellite cell proliferation and differentiation [16].

Other interactions of TGFB2

• We characterized T-cell subsets in the duodenum by means of FACS-analyses, lymphocyte proliferation assays with spleen lymphocytes and the mRNA profiles of different cytokines (TGF-beta2, -4, IFN-gamma, IL-2, -6, -8 and -18) in the duodenum by means of real-time PCR [17].
• These and other results suggest that TGF-beta 2 and beta 3 may play important roles and act through both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms in the development of many tissues in the chicken [10].
• In addition bFGF inhibits myogenic differentiation, while TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 appear to have no effect [18].
• There was an up-regulation of structural proteins (for example, collagen types I, VI, and XI and fibromodulin), a number of regulatory proteins (including TGF-beta 2 and IGF-1), as well as other enzymes/proteins [19].
• Immunization treatment had no effect on TGF-beta2 or beta-actin expression [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of TGFB2

• In situ hybridization analysis detected TGF-beta 2 and beta 3 mRNAs as early as the definitive primitive streak stage (stage 4) [10].
• Northern blots of total RNA revealed that osteoclasts expressed the mRNA for TGF-beta 2, beta 3, and beta 4 [21].
• TGF-beta2 mRNA level increased at 48 h (P < 0.01) and remained constant through 144 h in both PM and BF satellite cell cultures [22].
• Expression of the TGF-beta2 gene was estimated in the co-cultured PGCs and GRSCs by semi-quantitative RT-PCR [23].

References