Disease relevance of Periodontal Pocket

• Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterial pathogen known to increase IL-8 production by PMN, was found in the periodontal pockets of RPP patients only [1].
• Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a major metabolic end product detected in deep periodontal pockets that is produced by resident periodontopathic microbiota associated with the progression of periodontitis [2].
• Pure lipopolysaccharide extracted from Selenomonas spp. isolated from human periodontal pockets was composed of 23.7% carbohydrate, 16.5% hexosamine, 1.2% 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, 0.7% heptose, 26.0% lipid, 1.8% protein, and 1.3% phosphorus [3].
• CONCLUSIONS: The optimal choice of bioadhesive formulation for use in periodontal disease will involve a compromise between achieving the necessary release rate of tetracycline and the mechanical characteristics of the formulation, as these factors will affect clinical efficacy and the ease of product application into the periodontal pocket [4].
• Clearly, these anaerobic spirochetes have significant oxygen metabolism, even at the low levels of O2 measured in periodontal pockets and contain enzymes that offer at least moderate protection against damage by reactive oxygen species [5].

High impact information on Periodontal Pocket

• The levels of BAFF in saliva did not correlate with the levels in sera but did correlate with the periodontal pocket depth (P < 0.002) [6].
• For people with a BMI of 20, the model predicted a 2-fold difference in mean CRP concentration between periodontal pocket groups (7.5 vs 3.6 mg/L), but the difference decreased with increasing BMI and was negligible when BMI equaled 35 [7].
• Furthermore, there was a striking reduction in staining for E-cadherin, involucrin, and both connexins in the pathological lining epithelium of the periodontal pocket [8].
• Glutathione is an important thiol source for H(2)S production in periodontal pockets [9].
• The transferrin-binding activity of P. nigrescens and P. intermedia may permit the bacteria to obtain iron for survival and growth in periodontal pockets [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Periodontal Pocket

• Effects of tetracycline on the streptococcal flora of periodontal pockets [11].
• Our results indicate that glutathione, a readily available thiol source in periodontal pockets, is a suitable substrate for H(2)S production by this microorganism [2].
• We propose that PAD, acting in concert with arginine-specific proteinases from P. gingivalis, promotes the growth of the pathogen in the periodontal pocket, initially by enhancing its survivability and then by assisting the organism in its circumvention of host humoral defenses [12].
• This study demonstrates that, by embedding metronidazole in ethyl cellulose, it is possible to obtain sustained release of the drug within the periodontal pocket for three days [13].
• The highest recovery was found on TSBV agar plates cultured in air-5% CO2 both for plaque samples from periodontal pockets and for pure cultures [14].

Biological context of Periodontal Pocket

• 3. The alternate pathway of complement activation occurs in the periodontal pocket, as demonstrated by conversion of C3 proactivator (Factor B) to C3-activator Bb [15].
• Further studies will be required to clarify whether multiple genotypes of P. gingivalis colonized a single periodontal pocket simultaneously or whether a mutation occurred in the fimbrilin gene locus of P. gingivalis [16].

Anatomical context of Periodontal Pocket

• The metronidazole concentration was monitored in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of inflamed periodontal pockets after 1 application of a 25% gel [17].
• Retention in the periodontal pocket was assessed by means of an insoluble fluorescein marker in 8 patients, and to the oral mucosa by the retention of a small plastic film in 12 subjects [18].
• Effects of combined topical metronidazole and mechanical treatment on the subgingival flora in deep periodontal pockets in cuspids and bicuspids [19].
• This implies that metabolism of methionine to methyl mercaptan increases in the oral cavity of patients with periodontal pockets [20].
• Patterns of cytokeratin expression in the epithelia of inflamed human gingiva and periodontal pockets [21].

Gene context of Periodontal Pocket

• Plasminogen activating capacity in gingival fluid from deteriorating and stable periodontal pockets [22].
• Gingival crevicular fluid from HIV-1-infected patients showed a two-fold increase in both IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha in deep periodontal pockets in comparison to shallow pockets, whereas IL-6 increased 1.8-fold [23].
• Analysis of the distribution of ragB in subgingival samples by PCR demonstrated that rag+ P. gingivalis are more frequently detected in deep periodontal pockets than shallow sites in periodontal patients [24].
• High-titer sera from patients not harboring A. actinomycetemcomitans had significantly higher avidities for the fimbria antigen than did high-titer sera from patients with A. actinomycetemcomitans in their periodontal pockets [25].
• CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that NDM has the potential to reduce either the proliferation of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola in periodontal pockets or their proteinase-mediated destructive process occurring in periodontitis [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Periodontal Pocket

• Irrigation of periodontal pockets with fluoride solution after scaling and root planing is occasionally recommended to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the periodontal pocket [27].
• Immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers to purified K antigen and lipopolysaccharide from different P. gingivalis strains were measured by ELISA for 28 healthy controls and 51 patients with periodontal pockets known to be infected with genetically and serologically distinct P. gingivalis clonal types [28].
• The present study evaluated the clinical response of periodontal pockets in beagle dogs after treatment with a biodegradable delivery system containing 10% doxycycline hyclate (ABDS-D) [29].
• Full mouth SRP was performed for all groups at baseline, and vehicle or minocycline microspheres were administered to the appropriate patients at all periodontal pockets > or =5 mm at baseline, 3 and 6 months [30].
• The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of irrigating periodontal pockets with povidone-iodine in reducing the incidence of bacteremia found during subgingival scaling [31].

References