Disease relevance of Superior Cervical Ganglion

• Surgical decentralization (denervation) of the superior cervical ganglion increased ganglion substance P content [1].
• Using Semliki Forest virus expression we have analyzed the assembly of 9E10 epitope-tagged receptors comprising alpha1 and beta2 subunits in baby hamster kidney cells and cultured superior cervical ganglia neurons [2].
• We used a model involving acute and latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of mouse superior cervical ganglia to assess in vivo neuronal infections with two thymidine kinase-deficient (TK-) mutants of HSV type 1 [3].
• Rats that had had their superior cervical ganglia removed were primed with either orciprenaline (2 mg/kg i.p) or both orciprenaline and phenylephrine (1 mg/kg i.p) 1 hr before decapitation [4].
• In the superior cervical ganglion, neonatal hypoxia had a selective effect on the type of catecholamine (dopamine versus norepinephrine), thus suggesting a selective-altered maturation of noradrenergic neurons, but presumably not of the dopaminergic small, intensely fluorescent cells [5].

Psychiatry related information on Superior Cervical Ganglion

• Autologous transplantation of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) into the caudate nuclei of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonian monkey was studied in regard to animal behavior and catecholamine (CA) metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid [6].

High impact information on Superior Cervical Ganglion

• We have found, in the rat superior cervical ganglion, that a postsynaptic biochemical consequence of preganglionic nerve stimulation, namely the acute activation of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH; EC 1.14.16.2), is mediated in part by acetylcholine and in part by a non-cholinergic neurotransmitter [7].
• Hormones could also contribute to the control of this transmitter choice, and McLennan et al. recently reported that corticosterone treatment of whole superior cervical ganglia (SCG) greatly inhibited the cholinergic development of these ganglia in culture [8].
• Plasticity in dendrites shown by continuous GABA administration in superior cervical ganglion of adult rat [9].
• Infection of neurons from rat superior cervical ganglia and dorsal root ganglia in primary culture resulted in stable expression of high levels of beta-galactosidase without cell death [10].
• The NGFI-A gene is expressed at relatively high levels in the brain, lung, and superior cervical ganglion of the adult rat [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Superior Cervical Ganglion

• In this species, in contrast to the cat, the somata of essentially all ganglion cells of the superior cervical ganglion contain various but at least moderate concentrations of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) and propionylcholinesterase (acylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8) [12].
• We analyzed the activities of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, and of the metabolic enzymes enolase and lactate dehydrogenase, in the superior cervical ganglion, ciliary ganglion, dorsal root ganglion, stellate ganglion, and caudate nucleus of the cat; we found that these tissues possess very different levels of enzymic activities [13].
• 1. Responses of single ganglion cells in the isolated rat superior cervical ganglion to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) applied via the bathing medium were recorded using intracellular micro-electrodes [14].
• An asynchronous firing or afterdischarge (AD) was recorded in vitro from the postganglionic internal carotid nerve of the rat superior cervical ganglion following repetitive stimulation of the preganglionic nerve when ganglion transmission was blocked by chlorisondamine, nicotine or hexamethonium, but was rarely observed in untreated ganglia [15].
• 3. Agmatine (10 mM) substantially blocks both DMPP-induced depolarizations of rat superior cervical ganglion and synaptic transmission through the ganglion [16].

Biological context of Superior Cervical Ganglion

• The atropine-sensitive slow excitatory and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked in neurons of rabbit superior cervical ganglia were not affected by the substance P analog [17].
• Furthermore, introduction of syntaphilin into presynaptic superior cervical ganglion neurons in culture inhibits synaptic transmission [18].
• In this report, we demonstrate that NTN induces Ret phosphorylation in primary cultures of rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons [19].
• From 13 days of gestation, when the superior cervical ganglion was first visible, to birth at 19 days, tyrosine hydroxylase [tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating); EC 1.14.16.2] activity increased 100-fold in vivo [20].
• Bilateral decentralization of the superior cervical ganglia, produced by lesioning both cervical sympathetic trunks (CSTs), abolishes the circadian rhythm in the activity of the pineal enzyme serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) [21].

Anatomical context of Superior Cervical Ganglion

• Intracellular iontophoresis of either adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate or guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate produces a membrane depolarization and an increased membrane conductance in sympathetic ganglion cells of the rat superior cervical ganglion [22].
• At the end of glucose infusion as well as 6 h postinfusion, both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve activities were profoundly altered: parasympathetic and sympathetic activities, assessed by the firing rate either of the thoracic vagus nerve or the superior cervical ganglion, were dramatically increased and decreased, respectively [23].
• Monoclonal antibodies directed against a neuronal cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan and against a synaptic vesicle protein were used to study the postnatal development of ganglionic neurons and synapses in the rat superior cervical ganglion [24].
• To elucidate the mechanisms leading to deficits in the peripheral nervous system in p75 mutant mice, we have employed dissociated cultures to examine the responses of p75-deficient dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons to different neurotrophins [25].
• The rhythmic nocturnal production of melatonin in pineal glands is controlled by the periodic release of norepinephrine from the superior cervical ganglion [26].

Associations of Superior Cervical Ganglion with chemical compounds

• gamma-aminobutyric acid in rat superior cervical ganglion [27].
• Acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, and dibutyryl-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (dbcAMP) were applied iontophoretically to the rabbit superior cervical ganglion cells from triple-barreled micropipettes, and the response was recorded by intracellular techniques [28].
• The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat were studied in vitro and in vivo with sucrose gap and multiunit recording, respectively [29].
• Modulation of N- and L-type Ca2+ channels by oxotremorine-M (oxo-M) acting on muscarinic receptors and norepinephrine (NE) acting on alpha-adrenergic receptors was studied in superior cervical ganglion neurons [30].
• We characterized inhibition of N-type Ca2+ and M current K+ channels in rat superior cervical ganglion neurons by angiotensin II (angioII) using the patch clamp [31].

Gene context of Superior Cervical Ganglion

• Mice lacking both ShcB and ShcC exhibit a significant loss of neurons within the superior cervical ganglia, which is not observed in either mutant alone [32].
• Stimulation with GDNF induced coordinated phosphorylation of the 4 tyrosine residues in neuronal cell lines and in primary cultures of sympathetic neurons isolated from rat superior cervical ganglia [33].
• Our previous data suggested that in mouse sympathetic superior cervical ganglion (SCG) the dystrophin-dystroglycan complex may be involved in the stabilization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) clusters [34].
• To characterize the roles of these genes in the proliferation and survival of embryonic neurons, we have used dissociated cultures of sympathetic superior cervical ganglia (SCG) isolated from p53 and Nf1 single and compound-mutant mouse embryos [35].
• Previous data suggest that in mouse superior cervical ganglion (SCG) the dystrophin-dystroglycan complex may be involved in the axotomy-induced intraganglionic synapse remodeling [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Superior Cervical Ganglion

• Frequency-dependent activation of glucose utilization in the superior cervical ganglion by electrical stimulation of cervical sympathetic trunk [37].
• Tyrosine hydroxylase is synthesized de novo in rat superior cervical ganglia in organ culture [38].
• We have previously shown that intraganglionic synapse disassembly consequent on superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neuron axotomy was preceded by the loss of the dystroglycan beta subunit (beta-DG) localized at the postsynaptic specializations [39].
• This capacity was tested on isolated cat's middle cerebral artery (MCA) by recordings of the contractile response induced by norepinephrine at various stages after sympathectomy (excision of the superior cervical ganglion) [40].
• Multiple molecular forms of rat superior cervical ganglion acetylcholinesterase: developmental aspects in primary cell culture and during postnatal maturation in vivo [41].

References