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MeSH Review:

Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

Fourel, G. et al., Diao, J. et al., Lu, M. et al., Summers, J. et al., Appleby, C.E. et al., et al.

Summers, Mason, Korba, Schinazi, Cote, Tennant, Gerin, Korba, Cote, Menne, Toshkov, Baldwin, Wells, Tennant, Gerin, Li, Havell, Brown, Cullen,

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Disease relevance of Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

The recent finding of c-myc activation by insertion of woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA in two independent hepatocellular carcinoma has given support to the hypothesis that integration of hepatitis B viruses into the host genome, observed in most human and woodchuck liver tumours, might contribute to oncogenesis [1].
HCC has also been observed in animals chronically infected with two other hepadnaviruses: ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) [2].
Clevudine therapy with vaccine inhibits progression of chronic hepatitis and delays onset of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection [3].
Woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and ground squirrels infected with ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) both develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but WHV-associated tumors arise more frequently and much earlier in life [4].
We found that amino acids 201 to 205 of the pre-S envelope protein of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) form a conserved amino acid cluster, Gly-Asp-Pro-Ala-Leu (GDPAL), which resembles the DDPLL sequence of DHBV [5].

High impact information on Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

Laboratory reared woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were treated with N-nonyl-deoxynojirimycin (N-nonyl-DNJ), an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) alpha-glucosidases [6].
We report here high frequency of woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA integrations in two newly identified N-myc genes: N-myc1, the homologue of known mammalian N-myc genes, and N-myc2, an intronless 'complementary DNA gene' or 'retroposon' that has retained extensive coding and transforming homology with N-myc [1].
Antibodies to the X antigen of hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus were assayed in serial sera from infected individuals and compared with other markers of infection [7].
We determined the frequency of integrated viral DNA in the livers of three woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus before and during 30 weeks of therapy with the nucleoside analog L-FMAU [1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-beta, L-arabinofuranosyl)uracil, clevudine] [8].
The extract also inhibits woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA polymerase and binds to the surface antigen of WHV in vitro [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

Inhibition of woodchuck hepatitis virus replication by adenine arabinoside monophosphate coupled to lactosaminated poly-L-lysine and administered by intramuscular route [10].
Nitrate balance and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) excretion were studied in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) [11].
Liver-targeted antiviral nucleosides: enhanced antiviral activity of phosphatidyl-dideoxyguanosine versus dideoxyguanosine in woodchuck hepatitis virus infection in vivo [12].
The remaining woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen was resistant to further extraction with sodium hydroxide, as expected for an integral membrane protein [13].
Hepatocytes isolated from woodchucks that were chronic carriers of woodchuck hepatitis virus formed twice as much nitrite as hepatocytes from noninfected animals [14].

Biological context of Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

Cis-activation of cellular oncogenes N-myc and c-myc by viral promoter insertion has been a common finding in woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV)-associated HCCs of woodchucks [15].
The hybrid cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken beta-actin promoter along with woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element enhances the protective efficacy of DNA vaccines [16].
Liver-specific expression and high oncogenic efficiency of a c-myc transgene activated by woodchuck hepatitis virus insertion [17].
Plasmids expressing the nucleocapsid protein (WHcAg) and e antigen (WHeAg) of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) alone or in fusion to the extracellular domain of woodchuck CTLA-4 and CD28 were constructed [18].
Woodchuck gamma interferon upregulates major histocompatibility complex class I transcription but is unable to deplete woodchuck hepatitis virus replication intermediates and RNAs in persistently infected woodchuck primary hepatocytes [19].

Anatomical context of Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

The Woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) increases transgene expression in numerous cell lines, and fragments of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) promoter increase expression within SMC from heterologous promoters [20].
In vitro production of infectious woodchuck hepatitis virus by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes [21].

Gene context of Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

We cloned and characterized the woodchuck tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin-alpha, -beta (LT-alpha, -beta) cDNAs, genes and proteins to facilitate study of the functions of these cytokines during the course of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection [22].
Infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) has been identified as a potent inducer of autoantibodies against asialoglycoprotein receptor (anti-ASGPR), a molecule essentially unique to hepatocytes that mediates clearance of desialylated serum proteins [23].
However, the level of the replication intermediates and specific RNAs of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in persistently WHV-infected primary woodchuck hepatocytes did not change despite a treatment with 1,000 U of wIFN-gamma per ml or with a combination of wIFN-gamma and woodchuck TNF-alpha [19].
The HNF1/HNF4-dependent We2 element of woodchuck hepatitis virus controls viral replication and can activate the N-myc2 promoter [24].
We therefore developed a composite expression cassette, comprising 495 bp of the weak human SYN1 (synapsin-1) promoter and 800 bp of the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE) [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

Cotranslation of woodchuck p53 with woodchuck hepatitis virus X antigen, followed by immunoprecipitation suggested X/p53 complex formation [26].
Here we investigated, with woodchucks, whether coadministration of an expression plasmid for woodchuck gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), pWIFN-gamma, can improve DNA vaccination with woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen (WHcAg) [27].
Effect of oral administration of emtricitabine on woodchuck hepatitis virus replication in chronically infected woodchucks [28].
Immunosuppression with cyclosporine during the incubation period of experimental woodchuck hepatitis virus infection increases the frequency of chronic infection in adult woodchucks [29].
The guanosine analogs BMS-200475 and lobucavir have previously been shown to effectively suppress propagation of the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in 2.2.15 liver cells and in the woodchuck animal model system, respectively [30].

References

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Frequent amplification of c-myc in ground squirrel liver tumors associated with past or ongoing infection with a hepadnavirus. Transy, C., Fourel, G., Robinson, W.S., Tiollais, P., Marion, P.L., Buendia, M.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1992) [Pubmed]
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Liver-specific expression and high oncogenic efficiency of a c-myc transgene activated by woodchuck hepatitis virus insertion. Etiemble, J., Degott, C., Renard, C.A., Fourel, G., Shamoon, B., Vitvitski-Trépo, L., Hsu, T.Y., Tiollais, P., Babinet, C., Buendia, M.A. Oncogene (1994) [Pubmed]
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Woodchuck gamma interferon upregulates major histocompatibility complex class I transcription but is unable to deplete woodchuck hepatitis virus replication intermediates and RNAs in persistently infected woodchuck primary hepatocytes. Lu, M., Lohrengel, B., Hilken, G., Kemper, T., Roggendorf, M. J. Virol. (2002) [Pubmed]
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