Disease relevance of Gardnerella

• In nonspecific vaginitis, lactate was decreased, whereas succinate, acetate, butyrate, and propionate were increased, the predominant flora included Gardnerella (Haemophilus) vaginalis (acetate producer), and anaerobes, which included bacteroides species (succinate producers) and peptococcus species (butyrate and acetate producers) [1].
• Metronidazole metabolite and Gardnerella vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) [2].
• The integrity of the immunoglobulins in vaginal washings of patients with bacterial vaginosis was examined to answer the question of the lack of immune response against Gardnerella vaginalis cytolysin [3].
• Nonoxynol-9 was markedly less active against the 43 uropathogenic bacterial and yeast strains tested (MIC90, greater than 32%) than against the 26 Gardnerella vaginalis strains (MIC90, less than or equal to 0.015%) and the 53 Lactobacillus strains (MIC90, 8%) tested [4].
• The presence of IL-1 beta in vaginal wash samples was associated with >30 Gardnerella or Prevotella morphotypes per high-power field, as detected by Gram staining of vaginal swab specimens [5].

High impact information on Gardnerella

• Sensitivity of Gardnerella vaginalis to metabolites of metronidazole and tinidazole [6].
• Pore-forming and haemolytic properties of the Gardnerella vaginalis cytolysin [7].
• Mycoplasma hominis and Gardnerella vaginalis also stimulated TNF- alpha secretion [8].
• In vitro activities of Garenoxacin (BMS 284756) against 108 clinical isolates of Gardnerella vaginalis [9].
• Identification of a human lactoferrin-binding protein in Gardnerella vaginalis [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Gardnerella

• Garenoxacin (BMS 284756) was active against 105 of 108 (97%) recent clinical Gardnerella vaginalis isolates at < or =2 micro g/ml by using the reference agar dilution method for anaerobes [9].
• Susceptibility of Gardnerella vaginalis to cephradine [11].
• Difloxacin and, to a lesser extent, A-56620 were active against all 10 strains of C. trachomatis, and both had moderate activity against over 200 strains of Gardnerella vaginalis [12].
• The other Gram-negative aerobes tested were in general less susceptible, though for Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species (including aeruginosa) MICs seldom exceeded 8 mg/l. Ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were more active against Gardnerella vaginalis (MICs 0.5-2 mg/l) than was enoxacin (MICs 8-32 mg/l) [13].
• Sodium polyanetholesulfonate in the identification of Gardnerella vaginalis [14].

Biological context of Gardnerella

• A simple and reproducible scheme for identifying biotypes of Gardnerella vaginalis has been developed, based on reactions for lipase, hippurate hydrolysis, and beta-galactosidase [15].
• Bacteriocin susceptibility of Gardnerella vaginalis and its relationship to biotype, genotype, and metronidazole susceptibility [16].
• Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and its principal metabolites and their activity against Gardnerella vaginalis [17].
• In order to study the effects of metronidazole on the microbiology of the vagina in general and on Gardnerella vaginalis infection in particular, quantitative aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures were performed before and 4 weeks after initiation of metronidazole treatment, 400 mg three times daily for five days [18].

Anatomical context of Gardnerella

• Certain bacterial species, of which we selected Fusobacterium nucleatum, Gardnerella vaginalis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Propionibacterium acnes, were found to induce release of arachidonic acid in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mouse macrophages [19].
• Detection of Gardnerella vaginalis in the vagina and amniotic fluid using the polymerase chain reaction [20].

Gene context of Gardnerella

• Identification of Gardnerella vaginalis with the API 20 Strep system [21].
• Evaluation of affirm VP Microbial Identification Test for Gardnerella vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis [22].
• Prevotella and Bacteroides species accounted for the sialidase activity in 26 of the vaginal fluids, and Gardnerella vaginalis accounted for the sialidase activity in the remaining fluid [23].
• The Haemophilus-Neisseria identification (HNID) panel (American MicroScan, Sacramento, Calif.) is a 4-h microdilution format system for identification of Haemophilus and Neisseria spp., Branhamella (Moraxella) catarrhalis, and Gardnerella vaginalis [24].
• Development of a species-specific polymerase chain reaction assay for Gardnerella vaginalis [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gardnerella

• Strain-specific circulating immunoglobulin G and/or M was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence test by using Formol-treated suspensions of Gardnerella vaginalis from 28 women with overt vaginitis but only three symptom-free subjects among 43 otherwise healthy women found to be colonized by G. vaginalis [26].
• Representative strains of Gardnerella vaginalis were degraded using both an alkaline and an acid methanolysis and the fatty acid methyl esters released examined by thin-layer and gas chromatography [27].
• Untreated nonspecific vaginitis and persistence of this syndrome were significantly associated with Gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobic gram-negative rods, clue cells, a vaginal pH of greater than or equal to 5.0, a succinate/lactate peak heights ratio of greater than or equal to 0.3, and the absence of lactobacilli on a vaginal smear [28].
• Nine (22%) of the patients treated with metronidazole harboured Gardnerella vaginalis after treatments, compared with 31 (91%) in the placebo group (p less than 0.001) [29].
• Treatment of the Gardnerella vaginalis syndrome. A controlled, double-blind study comparing pivampicillin and metronidazole [30].

References