Disease relevance of Trichomonas

• Trifluoromethionine was confirmed as such a prodrug and shown to be highly toxic in vitro to the anaerobic protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, to anaerobic bacteria containing methionine gamma-lyase, and to Escherichia coli expressing the trichomonad gene [1].
• A pilot study of metronidazole vaginal gel versus oral metronidazole for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis [2].
• The accuracy and suitability of use of a single intravaginal swab (SIS) for polymerase chain reaction detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and human papillomavirus infection was assessed in a cross-sectional study of 841 active-duty military women [3].
• Comparison of direct fluorescent antibody, acridine orange, wet mount, and culture for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in women attending a public sexually transmitted diseases clinic [4].
• Hamycin, a polyene antibiotic related to amphotericin B, has been used topically to treat fungal and protozoan infections in India. We assessed the cytotoxic activity of hamycin on nine metronidazole resistant or susceptible Trichomonas vaginalis strains isolated from symptomatic or asymptomatic patients [5].

High impact information on Trichomonas

• Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection [6].
• Transient myopia following metronidazole treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis [7].
• Iron uptake and increased intracellular enzyme activity follow host lactoferrin binding by Trichomonas vaginalis receptors [8].
• Trichomonas vaginalis, a human protozoan parasite known to lack the capability of synthesizing purine and pyrimidine nucleotides de novo, was found also incapable of converting its ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides [9].
• Recent evidence indicates that a decrease of the proximal cellular electron donor for metronidazole activation, ferredoxin, is the main cause of resistance in Trichomonas [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Trichomonas

• Comparison of the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis and the pyruvate dehydrogenase component of the Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex shows that both are inactivated by incubation with pyruvate under aerobic conditions in the absence of co-substrates [11].
• The kinetics of electron transfer from the reduced [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins from the cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120 and the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis to select cobalt coordination compounds have been studied in order to gain insight into the mechanism of electron transfer and intrinsic reactivity of [2Fe-2S] active sites [12].
• CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized placebo-controlled trial of a low-dose nonoxynol-9 gel, a significantly higher incidence of gonorrhea was found in the nonoxynol-9 group, but no significant differences between the groups were found for Candida, trichomonas, bacterial vaginosis, C trachomatis, syphilis, or HIV-1 [13].
• Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis (by wet mount) or monilia (by potassium hydroxide preparation) had no significant associations with preterm birth [14].
• The Trichomonas rHCYase is selective for homocysteine with respect to very low cysteinase activity in contrast to the alpha,gamma-lyase from Pseudomonas putida, which has very high cysteinase activity with respect to homocysteine [15].

Biological context of Trichomonas

• Identification of Trichomonas vaginalis cysteine proteases that induce apoptosis in human vaginal epithelial cells [16].
• Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis employing a probe from the heat-inducible cytoplasmic HSP70 gene family hybridized with EcoR I-digested genomic DNA was used in the molecular typing of Trichomonas isolates [17].
• The contribution of the arginine dihydrolase pathway to energy metabolism by Trichomonas vaginalis [18].
• The oxidative stress response induced in Trichomonas vaginalis by exposure to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was traced by metabolic labeling and monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography of trichloroacetic acid-precipitated proteins [19].
• Fetal fibronectin values were correlated with gestational age at screening, race, the presence of bacterial vaginosis and Trichomonas vaginalis, and gestational age at delivery [20].

Anatomical context of Trichomonas

• Production of interleukin-8 by human neutrophils stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis [21].
• Generation of interleukin-8 from human monocytes in response to Trichomonas vaginalis stimulation [22].
• HeLa cell nucleus, a source of thymidine for Trichomonas vaginalis growing in vitro [23].
• Vaginal exudates from 105 patients were examined by direct wet-mount microscopy and acridine orange stain for the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis [24].
• Molecular characterization of a sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca+2 ATPase gene from Trichomonas vaginalis [25].

Associations of Trichomonas with chemical compounds

• Here, we show that hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis, a human genitourinary parasite, contain a key enzyme of FeS center biosynthesis, cysteine desulfurase (TviscS-2), which is phylogenetically related to its mitochondrial homologs [26].
• Convergent evolution of Trichomonas vaginalis lactate dehydrogenase from malate dehydrogenase [27].
• Infections with the sexually transmitted protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis are usually treated with metronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole drug derived from the antibiotic azomycin [28].
• Methionine gamma-lyase, the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of methionine by an alpha,gamma-elimination reaction and is a member of the gamma-family of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes, is present in high activity in the primitive protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis but is absent from mammals [29].
• Expression and spectroscopic characterization of the hydrogenosomal [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis [30].

Gene context of Trichomonas

• The amitochondriate eukaryote Trichomonas vaginalis contains a divergent thioredoxin-linked peroxiredoxin antioxidant system [31].
• Sequence data indicate that the thioredoxin reductase of Trichomonas differs fundamentally in structure from that of its human host and thus may represent a useful drug target [31].
• Binding of fibronectin by Trichomonas vaginalis is influenced by iron and calcium [32].
• Trichomonas vaginalis infection activates cells through toll-like receptor 4 [33].
• Trichomonas vaginalis possesses a gene encoding the essential spliceosomal component, PRP8 [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Trichomonas

• Isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with acrylamide copolymerized with gelatin (substrate-SDS-PAGE) were combined to evaluate the proteinases of both long-term-grown and fresh isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis [35].
• The antigenic distinctions among various Trichomonas vaginalis isolates appeared due to high-molecular-weight protein antigens detected by class IA sera in a whole cell radioimmunoprecipitation assay [36].
• Treatment failure in Trichomonas vaginalis infections in females. I. Concentrations of metronidazole in plasma and vaginal content during normal and high dosage [37].
• Molecular epidemiology of metronidazole resistance in a population of Trichomonas vaginalis clinical isolates [38].
• Evaluation of the effects of albendazole and metronidazole on the ultrastructure of Giardia duodenalis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Spironucleus muris using transmission electron microscopy [39].

References