Disease relevance of Wasting Syndrome

• Consequently, activation of the TNF system by the acid-labile IFN-alpha contributes to some of the physiological disturbances, such as the wasting syndrome, and to the pathophysiology of sepsis in AIDS patients [1].
• Toxicity from 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure results in severe metabolic imbalances leading to a loss of fat stores in many animal species, a phenomenon known as the wasting syndrome [2].
• In the allogeneic or semiallogeneic combinations, the BCG treatment resulted in a wasting syndrome and CML/MLC reactivity toward C3H or (C3H X B6)F1 host-derived cells irrespective of thymic presence or absence [3].
• Transgenic mice that express human TNF mRNA in T cells develop marked histologic and cellular changes locally in their lymphoid organs and a lethal wasting syndrome associated with widespread vascular thrombosis and tissue necrosis [4].
• In contrast, the Th2-polarized IL-10/IL-12-deficient mice developed a progressive wasting disease that correlated with increased hepatic fibrosis, formation of large eosinophil-rich granulomas, a 10-fold increase in IL-4 and IL-13, and significant mortality during the chronic stages of infection [5].

High impact information on Wasting Syndrome

• By approximately three weeks of age, most remaining Ptprs-/- mice died from a wasting syndrome with atrophic intestinal villi [6].
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle wasting disease usually resulting in death of patients by their early twenties [7].
• Animals homozygous for the mutated TGF-beta 1 allele show no gross developmental abnormalities, but about 20 days after birth they succumb to a wasting syndrome accompanied by a multifocal, mixed inflammatory cell response and tissue necrosis, leading to organ failure and death [8].
• In each model, abnormal reconstitution of the T cell compartment in immunodeficient mice by adoptive cell transfer leads to a wasting syndrome and inflammation of the colon, induced by IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-producing T cells [9].
• This phenomenon could explain the lpr-induced wasting syndrome observed when lpr bone marrow-derived cells are adoptively transferred to wild-type recipients [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Wasting Syndrome

• Effects of thalidomide on HIV-associated wasting syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [11].
• Mechanisms of androgen deficiency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women with the wasting syndrome [12].
• We conclude that a decline in bioavailable T occurs early in the course of events leading to wasting, suggesting that changes in gonadal hormones may contribute to the multifactorial etiology of the wasting syndrome [13].
• These data demonstrate significant shunting of adrenal steroid metabolism away from androgenic pathways and toward cortisol production in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women with the wasting syndrome [12].
• Abnormal expression of lysosomal cysteine proteinases in muscle wasting diseases [14].

Biological context of Wasting Syndrome

• Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is implicated in wasting syndromes and insulin resistance in chronic infection and obese-linked diabetes [15].
• Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), a single-stranded DNA virus associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome of swine, has two potential open reading frames, ORF1 and ORF2, greater than 600 nucleotides in length [16].
• She was initially thought to have the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and was treated accordingly, but central venous pressure measurement revealed the hypovolaemia of cerebral salt wasting syndrome [17].
• Nonadecafluoro-n-decanoic acid (ND-FDA) has a single dose ip LD50 of 41 mg/kg and causes anorexia and a wasting syndrome [18].
• Taken together with the known importance of vitamin A in body weight regulation, this result was consistent with a contributing role for altered retinoid homeostasis in the wasting syndrome induced by TCDD [19].

Anatomical context of Wasting Syndrome

• CONCLUSIONS: Dysregulated Th2 cells cause atrophic changes and goblet cell transformation in the small intestinal epithelium and wasting disease mediated by excess interleukin-4 and B cells [20].
• Recent studies have suggested a role for the Fas pathway in the wasting syndrome associated with lpr-->wild-type bone marrow transplants [21].
• One prominent symptom of acute toxicity from 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin (TCDD) is a loss of adipose tissue and body weight, a phenomenon known as the wasting syndrome [22].
• Limited data are available, however, about changes in body water compartments in chronic wasting diseases such as COPD [23].
• However, reconstitution with double Fas-/Fas ligand (FasL)-deficient stem cells does not result in wasting disease, demonstrating that FasL expression is an important component of the effector mechanisms leading to this syndrome [24].

Gene context of Wasting Syndrome

• The X-linked muscle wasting disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by the lack of dystrophin in muscle [25].
• Administration of anti-CD40L neutralizing mAb over an 8-wk period starting immediately after CD45RBhighCD4+ T cell reconstitution completely prevented symptoms of wasting disease [26].
• Our findings on these Inha Gdf9 double-mutant mice are as follows: 1). females develop ovarian tumors and a cachexia-like wasting syndrome, resembling mice lacking inhibin alpha alone [27].
• Follistatin is a modulator of gonadal tumor progression and the activin-induced wasting syndrome in inhibin-deficient mice [28].
• Anti-IL-6R mAb successfully prevented wasting disease and the development of macroscopic and histological lesions [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Wasting Syndrome

• MRL/lpr-->severe combined immunodeficiency mouse allografts produce autoantibodies, acute graft-versus-host disease or a wasting syndrome depending on the source of cells [30].
• In-situ hybridization with a non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled probe was used to detect porcine circovirus (PCV) in formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissues from 10 weaned pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) [31].
• In order to develop an optimal strategy for the prenatal diagnosis of steroid 21-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.99.10) deficiency, we investigated 16 affected families with salt wasting syndrome [32].
• In addition, several organ-specific manifestations, including HIV-associated nephropathy, wasting syndrome and cardiomyopathy, are a direct consequence of damage by HIV-1, and so HAART may have a therapeutic effect in improving or preventing these manifestations [33].
• Multiplex PCR was established to detect porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), porcine parvovirus (PPV) and porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) and applied to samples from 137 piglets exhibiting clinical signs of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) [34].

References