Disease relevance of Arteriovenous Malformations

• Germline and germline mosaic PTEN mutations associated with a Proteus-like syndrome of hemihypertrophy, lower limb asymmetry, arteriovenous malformations and lipomatosis [1].
• Principal eligibility criteria were ICH volume >10 cm(3) on baseline CT scan with a focal neurological deficit, Glasgow Coma Scale score >4 at the time of enrollment, randomization and therapy within 24 hours of symptom onset, surgery within 3 hours of randomization, and no evidence for ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation [2].
• MIB-1 labeling of astrocytes was monitored in a variety of conditions containing significant numbers of reactive astrocytes, including infections, arteriovenous malformations, demyelinating lesions, metastatic tumors, and long-standing gliosis [3].
• Nine children with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and a tenth with a cerebral aneurysm, had computer-processed dynamic scintigraphy with static scintigrams, transmission computed tomography (CT) both with and without contrast injection, and radiopaque cerebral angiography [4].
• Spinal myoclonus related to an arteriovenous malformation. Response to clonazepam therapy [5].

Psychiatry related information on Arteriovenous Malformations

• A large midline posterior fossa medulluloblastoma and a cerebellar arteriovenous malformation with associated clot were moved with postoperative mutism [6].
• In this series, the arteriovenous malformations appeared clinically as cerebral hemorrhage in 9 cases, epilepsy in 3, mental retardation with epilepsy in 1, subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1, and cardiac insufficiency at birth in the other [7].

High impact information on Arteriovenous Malformations

• Arteriovenous malformations in mice lacking activin receptor-like kinase-1 [8].
• Haploinsufficient lethality and formation of arteriovenous malformations in Notch pathway mutants [9].
• RASA1: variable phenotype with capillary and arteriovenous malformations [10].
• Resolution of lower limb neurological deficit with penile papaverine in spinal arteriovenous malformation [11].
• Endothelial expression of constitutively active Notch4 elicits reversible arteriovenous malformations in adult mice [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Arteriovenous Malformations

• Ancillary investigations (including CT scanning, angiography in 11 patients, and autopsy in 4) disclosed 2 patients with bleeding diatheses due to warfarin, 2 with arteriovenous malformations, and 1 with metastatic tumor [13].
• Brain tissue response to CO2 in patients with arteriovenous malformation [14].
• Tie endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinase is upregulated in the vasculature of arteriovenous malformations [15].
• These data reveal widespread metabolic and hemodynamic consequences of arteriovenous malformations and suggest that they are associated with impairment of glucose metabolism, both in ipsilateral regions remote from the lesion and in the contralateral hemisphere in patients with large lesions [16].
• BACKGROUND ANF PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess demographic, clinical, and morphological characteristics of patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) [17].

Biological context of Arteriovenous Malformations

• METHODS: Right to left pulmonary shunt (expressed as percentage of cardiac output) was measured at rest in 19 patients with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations and six normal subjects by using intravenously injected albumin microspheres labelled with technetium-99m [18].
• A family is described with a clinical diagnosis of Cowden syndrome, a familial frameshift mutation in the PTEN gene, and large visceral arteriovenous malformations [19].
• A higher frequency of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has been reported for HHT1 while HHT2 is thought to be associated with a lower penetrance and milder disease manifestations [20].

Anatomical context of Arteriovenous Malformations

• Multiple arteriovenous malformations of the small intestine in a patient with protein S deficiency [21].
• A new technique is presented in which expandable compressed Ivalon sponge emboli were used to obliterate an intramedullary arteriovenous malformation of the spinal cord by intraparenchymal embolization [22].
• Hemi-parkinsonism due to a midbrain arteriovenous malformation: dopamine transporter imaging [23].
• Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging not only excludes other etiologies such as tumor or arteriovenous malformation, but also demonstrates cranial nerve compression by ectatic vertebral and basilar arteries [24].
• One patient with a left temporal and one with a left cerebellar arteriovenous malformation had embolization with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate/lipiodol mixtures; a cough, pleuritic chest pain, and bloody sputum developed in both within 24 hours [25].

Gene context of Arteriovenous Malformations

• HHT 1 has been correlated with a higher prevalence of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations than HHT 2 [26].
• Non-tumor brain samples (from a patient with arteriovenous malformation and from one with epilepsy), normal human astrocytes and cultured endothelial cells were also analyzed: astrocytes and endothelial cells expressed the highest levels of the investigated proteins, mainly MRP1 and MRP5 [27].
• Although little or no HOXD3 mRNA was detected in normal brain vessels, increased levels of HOXD3 and its target gene, alpha V beta 3, were found in angiogenic vessels in human brain arteriovenous malformations [28].
• Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations were more frequent and on the average of larger size in HHT1 [29].
• Interleukin-6 involvement in brain arteriovenous malformations [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Arteriovenous Malformations

• Preoperatively, 17 patients (10 women and 7 men with a mean age of 36 +/- 15 years) with diagnoses of epilepsy (n = 14) or arteriovenous malformation (AVM) (n = 3) had two SPECT and two stereo-TCD monitoring studies in each case, one at rest, and one during 3 min of speech activation [31].
• PURPOSE: To retrospectively investigate how repeat injections of absolute ethanol in therapeutic doses, required for multisession sclerotherapy of large high-flow soft-tissue arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in patients with normal cardiopulmonary function, affect pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) [32].
• Ruptured arteriovenous malformation complicating thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator [33].
• All the well-documented radiosurgery of epilepsy cases are epilepsies associated with tumors or arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) [34].
• Modified ethoxyethyl cyanoacrylate for therapeutic embolization of arteriovenous malformation [35].

References