Disease relevance of Harderian Gland

• These observations show that in addition to neu, myc, ras and ret transgenes, mos, a member of the protein-serine/threonine kinase family of oncogenes, can induce Harderian gland hyperplasia, thus revealing an unusual response by this organ to various classes of oncogenes [1].
• The incidence of Harderian gland adenomas and carcinomas was also markedly increased in the acrylonitrile-dosed groups [2].
• Other frequently observed neoplasms were uterine polyps, alveolar cell neoplasms, Harderian gland neoplasms and lymphomas [3].

High impact information on Harderian Gland

• Prenatal exposure to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether destroys the rodent Harderian gland [4].
• The aim of this work has been to study the ability of melatonin to prevent the cell damage caused by porphyrins in the Harderian gland of female Syrian hamsters [5].
• Oleoyl-CoA is the major de novo product of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene isoform and substrate for the biosynthesis of the Harderian gland 1-alkyl-2,3-diacylglycerol [6].
• A polypeptide growth factor, Harderian gland-derived growth factor (HGDGF), has been purified approximately 43,000-fold from guinea pig Harderian gland by column chromatography on TSK gel DEAE-5PW, blue-Sepharose CL-6B, and Superose 12 [7].
• Properties of dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase in the harderian gland [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Harderian Gland

• In male mice a different relationship was observed: ethanol caused a dose-related decrease in alveolar/bronchiolar and harderian gland adenoma or carcinoma in mice administered 30 ppm urethane [9].

Biological context of Harderian Gland

• The time courses of lipid peroxidation and of protective enzymes are not explained by circulating melatonin, whereas melatonin formed in the Harderian gland should contribute to differences in average levels [10].
• Treatment of B6C3F1 mice with concentrations of 62.5-625 p.p.m. 1,3-butadiene by inhalation for up to 2 years causes a significantly increased incidence of Harderian gland (HG) neoplasms over untreated controls (Melnick,R., Huff,J., Chou,B.J. and Miller,R.A. Cancer Res., 50, 6592-6599, 1990) [11].
• We conclude that when circulating androgens are very low or absent, pineal melatonin maintains the male phenotype in the Syrian hamster Harderian gland [12].
• Thus, the substrate specificity and catalytic rate of the mitochondrial enzyme in Harderian gland for palmitic, linoleic and arachidonic acids were similar to the liver enzyme, but not to the microsomal enzyme in Harderian gland [13].
• The influence of sex steroid hormones on ferrochelatase gene expression in Harderian gland of hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) [14].

Anatomical context of Harderian Gland

• Frozen sections of whole eye, lid margin, and Harderian gland were immunostained with antibodies to Muc1 and cytokeratin 14, both epithelial cell markers [15].
• 3. Hexachlorobenzene has no effect on the activity of porphyrinogen carboxy-lase in erythrocytes; there is a slight decrease in enzyme activity in the Harderian gland, and a marked decrease in the liver and kidney enzyme activities [16].
• The existence of high activities of enzymes of the acyl-DHAP pathway in peroxisomes suggests the physiological significance of peroxisomes in the biosynthesis of glycerol ether phospholipid and 1-alkyl-2,3-diacylglycerol in the guinea-pig harderian gland [17].
• Muc1 antibody staining of wild-type sections revealed the presence of Muc1 on conjunctival goblet and non-goblet cells and on the epithelium of the Harderian gland [15].
• Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT, EC 2.3.1.15), which is localized in both microsomes (microsomal fractions) and mitochondria in the rat liver, was a peroxisomal enzyme in the harderian gland, though the activity was only about one-tenth of the DHAPAT activity [17].

Associations of Harderian Gland with chemical compounds

• Effects of delta-aminolevulinic acid and melatonin in the harderian gland of female Syrian hamsters [18].
• Thyroxine 5'-deiodinase type II activity in chick pineal and Harderian gland: nyctohemeral rhythmicity and its regulation by noradrenergic input [19].
• Both K-ras and H-ras protooncogene mutations are associated with Harderian gland tumorigenesis in B6C3F1 mice exposed to isoprene for 26 weeks [20].
• Thyroid hormone affects secretory activity and uncoupling protein-3 expression in rat harderian gland [21].
• Harderian gland carcinoma incidence was also increased by cisplatin treatment in MT-null mice but not WT mice [22].

Gene context of Harderian Gland

• CONCLUSIONS: Muc1 mRNA and protein are present in murine conjunctival and Harderian gland epithelia [15].
• In Rana esculenta the presence of an androgen receptor in both the male and female Harderian gland (HG) has been demonstrated [23].
• Occurrence of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNAs in the harderian gland: a comparative survey [23].
• P-cadherin is expressed in the epithelial cells of the cornea, eyelids and Harderian gland [24].
• The transcripts of RAR alpha and beta were evenly distributed in type I and II glandular cells of the Harderian gland [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Harderian Gland

• In males, administration of testosterone for 7 days after 8 wk of castration was shown to have little effect on the conversion to the female type which normally attends castration, whereas testosterone injection followed by a period of blinding completely reversed the effects of castration on the Harderian gland [26].
• Bilateral ovariectomy had no effect on melatonin content, NAT activity, or HIOMT activity in the female hamster Harderian gland [27].
• Persistent low levels of infectivity were found in the Harderian gland (which lies within the orbit), but the presence of PrP could not be confirmed by immunolabelling or Western blotting [28].
• Sequence analysis and androgen regulation of MHG07 (Male harderian gland) mRNA in male hamster harderian gland [29].
• The fatty acid composition of cardiolipin from the Harderian gland of guinea pig was examined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [30].

References