Disease relevance of Copulation

• By analyzing such matings and their consequences, we uncovered two striking defects: mating times up to four times the normal average duration of copulation; and frequent infertility, regardless of the time of mating by a given transheterozygous fru-mutant male [1].
• Pregnant C3H mice were exposed to a teratogenic dose of cyclophosphamide (CP, 20 mg/kg body weight) on the 10th day after copulation [2].
• Oltipraz treatment in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. II. Effect of high dose oral therapy on worm load and process of copulation in infected mice [3].
• The developmental toxicity of glycolic acid was assessed in rats by orally administering solutions of the test material in water over days 7-21 of gestation (the day of copulation plug detection was defined as day 1 of gestation) [4].

Psychiatry related information on Copulation

• The theory proposes that the phylogenetic development of the mammalian vagus is paralleled by a specialized communication, via oxytocin and vasopressin, between the hypothalamus and the medullary source nuclei of the viscera vagus, which facilitates sexual arousal, copulation, and the development of enduring pair-bonds [5].
• In summary, serum cortisol did not allow us to distinguish between the excitement of copulation and the negative affect associated with sexual frustration, whereas increases in serum beta-endorphin and motor activity seemed to be indicators of the negative emotional state of sexual frustration in trained boars [6].
• Thiazide-type diuretics also produce erectile dysfunction in rats and interfere with normal copulation [7].

High impact information on Copulation

• Esterase 6 is depleted in males by copulation and is transferred to females early during copulation as a component of the seminal fluid [8].
• Adult female rats receiving long-term estrogen treatment displayed the species-typical motor pattern of ejaculation during copulation [9].
• Absence of PN-1 results in altered semen protein composition, which leads to inadequate semen coagulation and deficient vaginal plug formation upon copulation [10].
• Virgin dsf females resist males during courtship and copulation and fail to lay mature eggs. dsf males actively court and attempt copulation with both mature males and females but are slow to copulate because of maladroit abdominal curling [11].
• Some responses, such as ingestion of standard foods by hungry animals, copulation, and escape, are relatively impervious to dopamine disruption [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Copulation

• Elevating 5-HT in the LHAA by microinjecting alaproclate inhibited copulation by increasing the latency to mount, intromit, and ejaculate [13].
• Also, androgen is necessary for touch-based and noncontact erection, but not for erection during copulation [14].
• As the activation of copulation requires aromatization of testosterone to estradiol, this quantitative enzymatic difference between sexes could contribute to the greater behavioral response displayed by males [15].
• Furthermore, an acute estradiol injection rapidly stimulates copulation in quail, whereas a single injection of the aromatase inhibitor vorozole rapidly inhibits this behavior [16].
• Taken together, the results show that the elevated circulating levels of progesterone, characteristic of pregnancy, are probably responsible for the dissociation of copulation from gonadotropin release in pregnant rabbits [17].

Biological context of Copulation

• In the MPOA, 5-HT release remained stable throughout copulation, and microinjecting alaproclate into this site did not significantly alter sexual behavior [13].
• The oamb females displayed normal courtship and copulation; however, they were impaired in ovulation with many mature eggs retained in their ovaries [18].
• The NO2- and NO3- concentrations were also increased in the paraventricular dialysate of male rats during copulation, i.e. when in copula penile erections occurred [19].
• During gestation ALP-specific activity peaked at Day 7 to 8 (Day 1 is day of detection of the copulation plug) followed by a rapid decline to control levels by Day 9 [20].
• There was no clear relationship between hormones and behavior for the single cycle in which the serum samples were obtained, with the exception that no copulations occurred after the early luteal phase, when progesterone was greater than 5 ng/ml [21].

Anatomical context of Copulation

• Extracellular dopamine in the medial preoptic area: implications for sexual motivation and hormonal control of copulation [22].
• We have previously reported that approximately 80% of prenatally stressed male rats do not exhibit copulation and that no significant changes in nucleus accumbens dopamine release are seen during exposure to estrous females [23].
• Similar injections of morphiceptin into the ventromedial hypothalamus had no effect on any parameter of copulation [24].
• Synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins in rat bulbo-urethral (Cowper's) glands. 1. The effect of copulation on the glandular content and on the incorporation of galactose and leucine [25].
• Some of these same areas may be involved in the control of androgen dependent events such as courtship, copulation, aggression, and feedback regulation of the hypophysis [26].

Gene context of Copulation

• Sex-peptide (SP), a male seminal peptide transferred during copulation, is the major agent eliciting transcription of Mtk and of other AMP genes [27].
• lingerer, a Drosophila gene involved in initiation and termination of copulation, encodes a set of novel cytoplasmic proteins [28].
• Adult activin receptor type II null (Acvr2-/-) male mice display multiple reproductive behavioral deficits, including delayed initiation of copulation, reduced mount, and intromission frequencies, and increased mount, intromission, and ejaculation latencies [29].
• Drosophila melanogaster sex peptide (SP) and Ductus ejaculatorius peptide (DUP99B) are male pheromones transferred in the seminal fluid to the female during copulation [30].
• While morphine inhibited copulation, 5-HT3 antagonists failed to reverse the effects [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Copulation

• Microinjection of the dopamine antagonist cis-flupenthixol into the MPOA impairs copulation, penile reflexes and sexual motivation in male rats [32].
• Relaxin in peripheral plasma of boars during development, copulation, after administration of hCG and after castration [33].
• We have developed a homologous radioimmunoassay for rabbit luteinizing hormone (LH), which was used to measure LH levels in sera of male and female rabbits before and after copulation [34].
• Estrous cycle, copulation and fertility, sperm count, and serum testosterone concentration were not affected by neonatal exposure to octylphenol [35].
• Our present results, using high temporal resolution microdialysis, (1) confirm previous electrochemical evidence that extracellular levels of DA increase in the NAcc during copulation and decrease during the postejaculatory interval (PEI) and (2) reveal that LHA(A) 5-HT can inhibit both basal and female-elicited DA release in the NAcc [36].

References