Disease relevance of THIOCHOLINE

• In confirmation of earlier light microscopic findings by the highly specific copper thiocholine method, there was nearly a total disappearance of AChE from the ganglion; no myelinated or unmyelinated axons with AChE-stained axolemmas were found, and only occasional traces of AChE staining were noted at dendritic and perikaryonal plasma membranes [1].
• The cutaneous nodules obtained from seven patients with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis were investigated by electron microscopy, and ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase activity was demonstrated in the nerve fibers of this tumor for the first time using Karnovsky's thiocholine method [2].

Psychiatry related information on THIOCHOLINE

• REM sleep deprivation induced a significant decrease of 16% in the membrane-bound Achase activity (nmol thiocholine formed min-1 mg protein-1) in the 100,000 g pellet enzyme preparation (home-cage group 152.1 +/- 5.7, large platform group 152.7 +/- 24.9 and REM sleep-deprived group 127.9 +/- 13.8) [3].

High impact information on THIOCHOLINE

• Before the infusion of fixative, one of the enzymes was selectively, irreversibly inactivated in vivo, as confirmed by light microscope (LM) examination of sections of the stellate ganglion stained by the more specific copper thiocholine method [4].
• During the ensuing 72 hr, the regenerating enzyme became detectable by the copper thiocholine histochemical method in the somata of essentially all ganglion cells and in the neuropil [5].
• This study presents the ultrastructural localization of AChE activity in human thymus cells, using the indirect thiocholine method [6].
• This study presents the ultrastructural transport and fate of this substance in the megakaryocytes of mouse bone marrow, using Tranum-Jensen and Behnke's adaptation of the indirect thiocholine method [7].
• This investigation was possible because the nucleus pulvinaris of the thalamus, the main source of subcortical projections to the prestriate cortex, displays positive reactivity after thiocholine incubation during the last three quarters of gestation, while neighboring thalamic nuclei that project to the adjacent neocortical areas are unstained [8].

Biological context of THIOCHOLINE

• [2-(Trimethylammonium)-ethyl]-methanethiosulfonate (MTSET), which attaches thiocholine to binding site Cys, also acted as an irreversible antagonist when tethered at alphaY93C, alphaN94C, or gammaE57C [9].
• The immobilized AChE could catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine with a K(M)app value of 177 microM to form thiocholine, which was then oxidized to produce detectable signal in a linear range of 1.0-500 microM and fast response [10].
• Substrate specificities were studied using p-nitrophenyl esters (acetate, propionate and butyrate) and corresponding thiocholine esters as substrates [11].
• The assay may be used for monitoring the kinetics of enzymatic activities in microscale reaction mixtures, providing a linear determination of the thiocholine produced over a period of at least 30 h at room temperature [12].
• Although similarity of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme with an internal sequence of ChEs is weak, its catalytic activity towards thiocholine esters, and its affinity for positively charged ligands supports the contention that this enzyme may belong to the ChE family [13].

Anatomical context of THIOCHOLINE

• The cholinergic innervation of the human axillary sweat glands of hyperhidrotic patients was demonstrated by using the specific Karnovsky-Roots thiocholine method [14].
• Brains from fetuses and premature infants ranging between 8 and 35 weeks of gestation were frozen cut and processed by the thiocholine method for the demonstration of acetylcholinesterase activity [15].
• The predominant nonspecific esterase of microsomes is responsible for the hydrolysis of procaine, clofibrate, isoarecaidine esters, butanilicaine, octanoylamide, and possibly butyryl thiocholine [16].
• With the Bodian method stained fibers were observed in the lobules of the rat liver and with the modified Karnovsky and Roots thiocholine method cholinesterase (presumably acetylcholinesterase (AChE))-positive nerve fibers were found in a pattern similar to that of the Bodian-stained fibers [17].
• Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ultracytochemistry with thiocholine method was studied in the rat neostriatum [18].

Associations of THIOCHOLINE with other chemical compounds

• In addition to its channel-blocking action, Eco (50 microM) had a weak agonist effect: it is suggested that this may be attributable to thiocholine produced by hydrolysis of Eco [19].
• The reactions, followed by measuring substrate-dependent thiocholine oxidation [Guo and Ziegler, Anal Biochem 198: 143-148, 1991], were carried out in the presence of 2 mM 1-benzylimidazole to minimize potential interference from reactions other than those catalyzed by isoforms of the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) [20].
• In this paper, micron long DNA templates stretched on aminosilane- and hexamethyldisilazane-modified silicon surfaces are used to assemble 3.5 nm gold nanoparticles passivated with cationic thiocholine [21].
• The selenoxide oxidized GSH and thiocholine at rate constants of 1.2 x 10(2) and 7.2 x 10(2) M-1 s-1, respectively at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C. n-Octylamine stimulated the oxidation of the ring-opened metabolites of ebselen catalyzed by pig and guinea pig liver microsomes but it had essentially no effect on these activities in rat liver microsomes [22].
• The loss of thiocholine in deproteinized aliquots of the reaction medium is measured colorimetrically with the thiol reagent, DTNB [5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate)] [23].

Gene context of THIOCHOLINE

• The appearance and distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in 12 human thyroid cancers and three normal thyroids were examined by electron microscopic study with indirect thiocholine method [24].
• We found that AChE reactions are 200-fold faster with the Sp than the Rp enantiomer of of cycloheptyl methylphosphonyl thiocholine [25].
• The enzyme, probably functional in cholinergic neurotransmission, is an acetylcholinesterase showing a fairly low substrate specificity with thiocholine esters [26].
• ALAD, SOD, and plasma CHE were assayed, using aminolevulinic acid, pyrogallol, or butyryl thiocholine as substrates, respectively [27].
• Finally, transplant reinnervation was investigated using antibodies to various nerve cytoplasmic antigens and the thiocholine method to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of THIOCHOLINE

• Muscle spindles from lumbricalis muscles of the rat were incubated for acetylcholinesterase with a modified thiocholine-method of Lewis and Shute and examined by light ane electron microscopy [29].
• We traced the origin and path of autonomic nerves to the rat eye using, as an aid to dissection, a modified thiocholine method for the histochemical demonstration of cholinesterase [30].
• Frozen sections of the incisors and molars of the guinea pig were incubated for histochemical demonstration of cholinesterase activity by means of the thiocholine method as described by Karnovsky and Root [31].
• Using the thiocholine method and histological techniques the myenteric plexuses of pigeon and hen were studied [32].
• We report a detailed thiocholine protocol that is a modification of the Koelle-Friedenwald method to amplify the AChE signal in brain sections previously processed for autoradiography [33].

References