Disease relevance of Stellate Ganglion

• We found that exposure of squid stellate ganglia to hypoxia, a death stimulus for neurons, causes a cysteine protease-dependent loss of full-length antiapoptotic BCL-xL, similar to previous findings in mammalian cells [1].
• OBJECTIVE: Our previous study demonstrated that a high concentration of phenol (75-90%) with minimal volume (0.02 ml) can elicit serious degeneration of ganglion cells of the stellate ganglia in cats [2].
• We have performed experiments to determine the effects of SK&F 85174, a mixed DA-1/DA-2 receptor agonist, on the tachycardia elicited during pre- and postganglionic stellate stimulation in anesthetized dogs in order to identify a possible action of this compound on the stellate ganglia [3].
• Unilateral stellate ganglion block (right or left) was achieved by local injection of 15 ml of lidocaine in 27 patients with hypertension after coronary bypass surgery [4].
• Use of stellate ganglion blocks for chronic chest pain associated with primary pulmonary hypertension [5].

Psychiatry related information on Stellate Ganglion

• Fifty-six patients, treated with a series of anesthetizing blocks of the stellate ganglion for idiopathic sudden sensorineural loss, were compared with 20 patients of similar diagnosis who were treated by other means as to amount of pure-tone gain, speech discrimination improvement, nature of symptoms, and delay in start of surgery [6].

High impact information on Stellate Ganglion

• In endothelin-1-deficient mice the sympathetic stellate ganglia exhibited excess apoptosis and displayed loss of neurons at the late embryonic stage [7].
• To test if this increase in the postcapillary pressure gradient was sympathetically mediated, we either unilaterally ablated the stellate ganglion or produced unilateral alpha adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine before giving oleic acid [8].
• Before the infusion of fixative, one of the enzymes was selectively, irreversibly inactivated in vivo, as confirmed by light microscope (LM) examination of sections of the stellate ganglion stained by the more specific copper thiocholine method [9].
• These terminals, like the VAChT-positive cell bodies of the developing stellate ganglion, have some noradrenergic traits including expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, but did not express the vesicular monoamine transporter, and are therefore not functionally noradrenergic [10].
• The forepaw eccrine sweat glands, innervated exclusively by the stellate ganglion, received VAChT-positive nerve terminals at least as early as postembryonic day 4, coincident with the development of the sweat glands themselves [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Stellate Ganglion

• This case report describes a new therapeutic approach to ventricular tachyarrhythmias refractory to oral pharmacological treatment (propranolol + phenytoin) using a drug-reservoir-pump system for the pharmacologic blockage of the left stellate ganglion [11].
• After exposing the ganglion through a right thoracotomy, a total of 500 muCi of tritiated leucine was injected into the right stellate ganglion of each cat [12].
• Coronary sinus norepinephrine concentrations during ventricular tachycardia induced by left stellate ganglion stimulation in dogs [13].
• Spread of injectate during C6 stellate ganglion block and fascial arrangement in the prevertebral region: an experimental study using donated cadavers [14].
• The results demonstrate that substance P (SP)- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing dorsal root ganglion cells project to the pylorus as well as to the celiac superior mesenteric and stellate ganglia as demonstrated with both retrograde and anterograde transport methodology [15].

Biological context of Stellate Ganglion

• We studied the effects of propafenone on the heart rate response to graded stimulation of the right stellate ganglion in 13 anaesthetized, vagotomized cats [16].
• The performance of the intravenous guanethidine block is of longer duration and superior to stellate ganglion block, as regards some early pharmacological effects (skin temperatures and amplitude of plethysmographic waves recorded before blockade and 15 min, 60 min, 24 h, 48 h after institution of the block) [17].
• Quantitation of changes in gene expression of norepinephrine biosynthetic enzymes in rat stellate ganglia induced by stress [18].
• To explore the factors regulating the cellular compartmentalization of NF phosphorylation, we separated cell bodies (GFL) from axons in the squid stellate ganglion and compared the kinase activity in the respective lysates [19].
• Lung compliance and cholesterol during stellate ganglion stimulation [20].

Anatomical context of Stellate Ganglion

• The distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChoAcTase)-like immunoreactivity in the superior cervical ganglion and the stellate ganglion was analyzed with immunohistochemistry [21].
• In 33 anesthetized cats, the neural activity of single cardiac vagal efferent fibers was recorded in control conditions and after injection of phenylephrine (n = 33), before and during a 1-hour coronary artery occlusion (CAO) (n = 17), and before and after removal of the left stellate ganglion (n = 16) [22].
• The concentration of DBH mRNA in the stellate ganglia was 2601+/-203 amol/microg of total RNA, which is the concentration similar to adrenal medulla, but is 150-times higher than concentration of TH mRNA in stellate ganglia [18].
• Modulation of Ca2+ channels by opioid receptor-like 1 receptors natively expressed in rat stellate ganglion neurons innervating cardiac muscle [23].
• These results indicate that cocaine acts in the central nervous system and at the stellate ganglion to inhibit sympathetic discharge and that these sympathoinhibitory effects are unrelated to cocaine's local anesthetic action [24].

Associations of Stellate Ganglion with chemical compounds

• Testing was carried out in closed-chest dogs, in open-chest dogs with and without left stellate ganglion stimulation (LSGS), and in open- and closed-chest dogs pretreated with propranolol [25].
• In contrast, right stellate ganglion block, left stellate ganglion stimulation and prior administration of quinidine and procainamide had an opposite effect [26].
• Electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion resulted in exocytotic norepinephrine release in rat and guinea pig hearts [27].
• Stellate ganglion stimulation, isoproterenol, and beta-blockade did not alter AV nodal facilitation [28].
• The effect of sympathetic stimulation (stellate ganglion) on dog cerebral and cephalic blood flows was studied via a cervical or a thoracic approach to the stellate ganglion under sodium pentobarbital or chloralose anesthesia [29].

Gene context of Stellate Ganglion

• Furthermore, cardiac-specific overexpression of NGF in endothelin-1-deficient mice overcame the reduced sympathetic innervation and loss of stellate ganglia neurons [7].
• In the mouse stellate ganglion, VIP- and ChAT-IR neurons were larger in comparison to NPY- and TH-IR cells [30].
• The aim of this study was to quantify basal and stress-induced levels of TH, DBH, and PNMT mRNAs in rat adrenal medulla (AM) and stellate ganglia (SG) by the RT-competitive PCR method using corresponding competitors of known concentration [31].
• To better understand how the signaling events by Noc regulate sympathetic neuron excitability, the goal of the present study was to determine whether sympathetic stellate ganglion (SG) neurons, innervating the heart, natively express ORL1 opioid receptors and couple to Ca(2+) channels [23].
• Neurons in the sympathetic stellate ganglion containing neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase also projected to the mammary gland [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Stellate Ganglion

• Double-labeling immunofluorescence histochemistry showed NOS I immunoreactivity in stellate ganglion cells and in neurons of the heart, some of which also stained positive for tyrosine hydroxylase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[33]
• Exocytotic release of endogenous noradrenaline (determined by high pressure liquid chromatography) was induced by electrical stimulation of the left cervicothoracic ganglion [34].
• In situ hybridization revealed detectable mRNA for both NPY and VIP at E14.5 in stellate ganglion and mRNA for NPY, but not VIP, in SCG [35].
• The effects of propofol anesthesia on FVR and FVC are similar to the effects of sympathetic denervation by stellate ganglion blockade [36].
• The aim of our study was to quantify the exact concentration of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-ss-hydroxylase (DBH) mRNA in rat stellate ganglia under control conditions and at different intervals after exposure to immobilization stress (IMO) [18].

References