Disease relevance of Autonomic Pathways

• Treatment of severely painful diabetic neuropathy with an aldose reductase inhibitor: relief of pain and improved somatic and autonomic nerve function [1].
• The transthyretin (TTR) amyloidoses are human diseases in which the misfolded TTR protein aggregates in tissues with subsequent visceral, peripheral, and autonomic nerve dysfunction [2].
• Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension is a selective disorder of autonomic nerves; postganglionic neurons cannot release norepinephrine properly and are supersensitive to exogenous pressors [3].
• The autonomic nerves could also be involved in the islet adaptation to insulin resistance with possible implication for the development of glucose intolerance and Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus [4].
• Gastric autonomic nerve (GAN) tumor and extra-adrenal paraganglioma in Carney's triad. A common origin [5].

High impact information on Autonomic Pathways

• Contraction was induced in isolated strips of corporal smooth muscle by norepinephrine; then relaxation was assessed with electrical stimulation of autonomic nerves and with the administration of three agents: acetylcholine, which is known to be mediated by endothelium-derived relaxing factor; papaverine; and sodium nitroprusside [6].
• Two types of histamine receptor, the H1- and H2-receptors, are found not only on vascular smooth muscle cells but on the perivascular autonomic nerve terminals [7].
• The presence of a novel receptor for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on peripheral autonomic nerve terminals and in mammalian brain slices has been described recently [8].
• VIP was found exclusively in fine autonomic nerves [9].
• Immunocytochemical testing showed that antibody-positive diabetic plasma reacted specifically against the corresponding hormone-producing pancreatic endocrine cells, against enteroglucagon and somatostatin cells outside the pancreas, and against V.I.P.-containing autonomic nerves throughout the body [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Autonomic Pathways

• Mild airway obstruction and increased airway responsiveness to inhaled MCH but not to MBS suggest that structural changes in distal airways are involved and not autonomic nerve dysfunction [11].
• Enalapril may be useful for maintaining normal autonomic nerve activity, preventing sudden cardiac death, and enhancing quality of life in our stressful society [12].
• Effect of mental stress and cisapride on autonomic nerve functions in functional dyspepsia [13].
• Hypoxemia produced a giant negative T-wave whose pattern was not modified by pretreatments with autonomic nerve blockers (propranolol and atropine), a Ca2+ channel blocker (verapamil), an ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP blocker (5-hydroxydecanoate or transient outward K+ current (I(to) blocker (4-aminopyridine) [14].
• 1. The effects of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists with different biological half-lives, amlodipine and nifedipine retard on 24 h blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and autonomic nerve activity in patients with essential hypertension were compared [15].

Biological context of Autonomic Pathways

• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied measurements of gastric emptying, blood glucose concentrations, cardiovascular autonomic nerve function, upper GI symptoms, and postprandial hunger and fullness in 40 IDDM patients (16 men, 24 women). ages 19-63 years [16].
• The results further indicate that cervical autonomic nerves constitute a pathway through which the brain modulates calcium homeostasis and do not support the participation of the pineal gland in short term changes of PTH or calcitonin release [17].
• Possible dependence of pressor and heart rate effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine on autonomic nerve activity [18].
• To address the effect of electroacupuncture (Ea) on autonomic nerve activity, the responses of rhythmic micturition contraction (RMC), urine excretion (UE), blood pressure (BP), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RNA) and pelvic parasympathetic nerve activity (PNA) to Ea were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats [19].
• Hyperoxia elicited a pressor response due to peripheral vasoconstriction with no significant change in the autonomic nerve activities except for a decrease in the cardiac sympathetic nerve discharges [20].

Anatomical context of Autonomic Pathways

• The release of acetylcholine from autonomic nerves in those tissues that receive a cholinergic innervation is widely believed to dilate blood vessels [21].
• Retinopathy was assessed by seven-field stereoscopic fundal photography, albumin excretion rate (AER) from three consecutive timed overnight urine collections, peripheral nerve function by thermal and vibration thresholds, and autonomic nerve function by cardiovascular reflexes [22].
• Hypomotility of the upper gastrointestinal tract, resulting from both amyloid deposition in the stomach and upper bowel and degeneration of the intrinsic autonomic nerves, may be responsible for anorexia, nausea, and vomiting [23].
• Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) with neurogenic differentiation, also referred to as "gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors (GANTs)," form an ultrastructurally distinctive subgroup of mesenchymal neoplasms of gastrointestinal tract [24].
• The P2X(1) purinergic receptor subtype occurs on smooth muscle cells of the vas deferens and urinary bladder where it is localized in two different size receptor clusters, with the larger beneath autonomic nerve terminal varicosities [25].

Associations of Autonomic Pathways with chemical compounds

• Angiotensin II: a peptidergic neurotransmitter in central autonomic pathways [26].
• The releases of acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine from the autonomic nerves were evaluated by changes in the contractile responses of guinea pig taenia caeci and left atria to electric field stimulation, respectively [27].
• Ventromedial preoptic prostaglandin E2 activates fever-producing autonomic pathways [28].
• The aim of the study was to investigate antioxidant (alpha-lipoic acid [LA]) and gamma-linolenic acid treatments in the prevention of changes in autonomic nerves induced in streptozotocin-diabetic rats [29].
• Ponalrestat had no significant effect on a range of standard cardiovascular autonomic nerve function tests [30].

Gene context of Autonomic Pathways

• Modulation of neuronal nicotinic receptor function by the neuropeptides CGRP and substance P on autonomic nerve cells [31].
• These results demonstrate that the signalling components necessary for ADM to influence physiological systems are present in the brain and that ADM is an important transmitter of brain autonomic pathways which are involved in regulating homeostatic balance [32].
• Neither afferent, efferent, nor autonomic nerve fibers were detected in the ears of ngn1 null mutants [33].
• These results suggest that ET-1 modulates reflex control of hemodynamics by activation of autonomic nerve via ETA receptors in the NTS, and that the responsiveness of SHRs to ET-1 or PD142893 is similar to that of WKY rats [34].
• Acting through the AT1 receptor in the brain, angiotensin has effects on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, neuroendocrine systems, autonomic pathways regulating cardiovascular function and behavior [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Autonomic Pathways

• Relaxation of corpus cavernosum tissue to electrical stimulation of autonomic nerves as well as relaxation to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine were comparably unaffected in the weight matched and littermate control groups while significantly inhibited in the diabetic group [36].
• A mechanograph was used to evaluate in vitro jejunal responses to electrical field stimulation of the enteric nervous system before and after treatments with various autonomic nerve blockers and neuropeptides (SP and VIP) [37].
• We traced the origin and path of autonomic nerves to the rat eye using, as an aid to dissection, a modified thiocholine method for the histochemical demonstration of cholinesterase [38].
• Glucose-stimulated acute insulin secretion increased after splanchnicotomy or transection of both autonomic nerves but remained unchanged after vagotomy alone [39].
• To evaluate the autonomic nerve function mediating the circulation system, we analyzed the hemodynamic parameters during animal experiments with UPTAH using the non-linear mathematical analyzing technique, including chaos and fractal theory [40].

References