Disease relevance of meta-Tetrachlorophthalodinitrile

• A 48 year old male farmer had recurrent episodes of dyspnoea, shortness of breath, and wheezing after being in his plastic greenhouse when the fungicide tetrachloroisophthalonitrile had been sprayed [1].
• Lack of mutagenicity of the fungicide 2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile in the Ames Salmonella microsome test [2].
• Comparative toxicity of chlorothalonil: Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas [3].
• Contact dermatitis from tetrachloroisophthalonitrile in paint [4].
• Facial dermatitis caused by chlorothalonil in a paint [5].

High impact information on meta-Tetrachlorophthalodinitrile

• Glutathione S-transferase-mediated chlorothalonil metabolism in liver and gill subcellular fractions of channel catfish [6].
• The influence of three organic solvents (methanol, acetone, and acetonitrile) used as extractants for chlorothalonil residue was evaluated, with the result that methanol was the most suitable solvent for the ELISA, and the final concentration in the well could be up to 5% (v/v) without any negative influence on the ELISA [7].
• The exotherm of the powders increases from 103 to 238 kJ/mol after milling [8].
• At equilibrium, the labile surface sorption capacity theta c of Simcoe soil for chlorothalonil was 23.8 x 10(-6) (mol/g) [9].
• After chlorothalonil treatment, no DNA strand breaks were observed in rat organs whereas a clear dose-related DNA damage was observed in vitro [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of meta-Tetrachlorophthalodinitrile

• Clinical experience has shown chlorothalonil to be a contact allergen and several cases of allergic contact dermatitis attributed to chlorothalonil have been described [11].
• This study examined the toxicity of irgarol, individually and in binary mixtures with three other pesticides (the fungicide chlorothalonil, and the herbicides atrazine and 2,4-D), to the marine phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta [12].

Biological context of meta-Tetrachlorophthalodinitrile

• With the SCGE assay, a clear induction of DNA damage was observed for chlorothalonil within a 0.2 to 1 microM concentration range [13].
• The mutagenic potential of chlorothalonil: in vivo chromosome aberration studies [14].
• Based upon analyses using a number of validated structure-activity relationship models, it is concluded that the carcinogenicity in rodents of chlorothalonil is not due to a genotoxic mechanism [15].
• We used a glass tube containing water at body temperature to simulate a lower limb and applied commonly used synthetic-cast materials to this artificial limb in order to measure the exotherm created by these materials [16].
• The triglutathione conjugate has not been previously reported and seems to be the final metabolite in the biotransformation of chlorothalonil [17].

Anatomical context of meta-Tetrachlorophthalodinitrile

• The effects of two fungicides (carbendazim and chlorothalonil) on the induction of DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (human PBL) have been investigated using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE assay or comet assay) immediately after a 1-h treatment and after a 24-h post-treatment incubation [18].
• In the case of the forestomach, cytotoxicity results from sustained irritation of the squamous epithelium by chlorothalonil leading to inflammation, ulceration, and restorative hyperplasia [19].
• Three pesticides (2,4D, paraoxon, and chlorothalonil) modulated hemocyte activities [20].
• Concurrently, the percentage of oocytes in which IIF was observed fell dramatically from a high of 40 to 72% in early stages (I-III) to a low of only 7% in stage V-VI because, particularly in the later stages, IIF was hidden in the EIF exotherm [21].
• Lipid peroxidation in hepatocytes was stimulated by four pesticides, namely, chlorothalonil, pretilachlor, ethoprofos, and metribuzin at 10(-3)-10(-4) M [22].

Associations of meta-Tetrachlorophthalodinitrile with other chemical compounds

• When applied in combination, the presence of chlorothalonil reduced the degradation rate of both chlorpyrifos and fenamiphos, and the half-life of chlorothalonil was extended in the presence of chlorpyrifos [23].
• A modified Fenton reagent (Fe(3+)/H(2)O(2)) transformed the fungicide chlorothalonil within 60 min in aqueous solution at unadjusted pH [24].
• The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed an endotherm corresponding to water evaporation around 100 degrees C in all the films and an exotherm, corresponding to the decomposition in the chitosan and blend films [25].
• With the relatively insoluble pesticides endosulfan and trifluralin, decreases in EOG amplitude were only apparent at relatively high concentrations (100 and 300 microg/L, respectively) following 20 min of exposure and were absent for chlorothalonil (1 mg/L) [26].
• Cell viability was considerably decreased following incubation with chlorothalonil, trichlamide, and ziram [22].

Gene context of meta-Tetrachlorophthalodinitrile

• However, solutions of mixed micelles consisting of APO10/DMPC with mole fractions of surfactant between 0.81 and 0.93 portrayed a broad unidentified exotherm of about 2+/-1 kcal/mol, which was centered nearly 10-20 degrees C above the cloud point [27].
• The stability of chlorothalonil on C18 Empore disks was also investigated at 20 degrees C, 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C for periods of up to 3 months [28].
• TPN (tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) affected the growth in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and enhanced the superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activity under sublethal concentration [29].
• However, Hsc70 was protease-resistant at 20 degrees C, sensitive at 40 degrees C and resistant when returned to 20 degrees C, indicating that this exotherm is associated with a reversible conformational change [30].
• LC-MS analysis supported the formation of mono-, di-, and triglutathione conjugates of chlorothalonil by the GST [17].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of meta-Tetrachlorophthalodinitrile

• The crystal structure prediction study, using a specifically developed anisotropic atom-atom potential for chlorothalonil, gave as the global minimum in the lattice energy a structure that was readily refined against powder diffraction data to the known form 1 (P2(1)/a) [31].
• A bronchial provocation test with a control challenge and a patch skin test confirmed that his asthma was induced by tetrachloroisophthalonitrile [1].
• Therefore, the metabolism of chlorothalonil was investigated in liver and gill cytosolic and microsomal fractions from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) using HPLC [6].
• Differential thermal analyses showed that the crystallization exotherm occurred in the temperature range 600--700 C [32].
• Nevertheless, the results demonstrated that the proposed ELISA is a reliable, cost-effective, and rapid quantitative method for chlorothalonil residue [7].

References