Disease relevance of Fenamine

• Atrazine (> or =0.1 ppb) induced hermaphroditism and demasculinized the larynges of exposed males (> or =1.0 ppb) [1].
• We have applied bacteriophage display technology to construct and analyze the diversity of an IgG library of >1 x 108 clones from an adult sheep immunized against the hapten atrazine [2].
• The epidemiologic data pertaining to Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, multiple myeloma, soft tissue sarcoma, colon cancer, and ovarian cancer were inadequate for determining whether associations with atrazine or triazines exist in humans [3].
• Refined crystal structures of reaction centres from Rhodopseudomonas viridis in complexes with the herbicide atrazine and two chiral atrazine derivatives also lead to a new model of the bound carotenoid [4].
• Atrazine chlorohydrolase (AtzA) from Pseudomonas sp. ADP initiates the metabolism of the herbicide atrazine by catalyzing a hydrolytic dechlorination reaction to produce hydroxyatrazine [5].

Psychiatry related information on Fenamine

• Time-response curves for cAMP induction and concentration-response curves for aromatase induction by vinclozolin, atrazine, and IBMX were similar, suggesting that the mechanism of aromatase induction by these pesticides is mediated through inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity [6].
• Copulatory plugs form from coagulated ejaculate, and are routinely displaced in this species by the penis of a subsequent mate during copulation (Parga [2003] Int. J. Primatol. 24:889-899) [7].
• Adverse effects of prenatal exposure to atrazine during a critical period of mammary gland growth [8].

High impact information on Fenamine

• We examined the effects of atrazine on sexual development in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) [1].
• Larvae were exposed to atrazine (0.01-200 ppb) by immersion throughout larval development, and we examined gonadal histology and laryngeal size at metamorphosis [1].
• The amino acid sequence of barbiturase exhibited 48% identity with that of herbicide atrazine-decomposing cyanuric acid amidohydrolase but exhibited no significant homology to other proteins, indicating that cyanuric acid amidohydrolase may have evolved from barbiturase [9].
• Atrazine bindng and Western blot analysis showed that these mutants on a per-chlorophyll basis contained 53-67% of the amount of photosystem II as compared with wild type [10].
• Case examples include a tumor-related protein specific to test animals (Case Study 3, d-limonene), the tumor consequences of hormone suppression typical of laboratory animals but not humans (Case Study 4, atrazine), and chemical-related enhanced hormone clearance rates in animals relative to humans (Case Study 5, phenobarbital) [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Fenamine

• The properties of the quinone acceptor complex in the photosynthetic reaction center of the atrazine-resistant Rhodopseudomonas viridis mutant A2 (Glu L212-->Lys) were studied by EPR spectroscopy and by photoelectric measurements [12].
• Rhodococcus sp. strain TE1, which possesses the catabolic gene (atrA) for the N-dealkylation of the herbicides atrazine and simazine, was able to dechlorinate the dealkylated metabolites of atrazine and simazine when carrying the trzA gene on a plasmid [13].
• Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that levels of the herbicides atrazine, metolachlor, and cyanzinc were each significant predictors of community IUGR rates in southern Iowa after controlling for several potentially confounding factors including maternal smoking and socioeconomic variables [14].
• Here, we describe the frequencies at which these malformations occur and compare them with morphologies induced by the estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2) , and the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate, as a first step in testing the hypothesis that the effects of atrazine are a combination of demasculinization and feminization [15].
• Whereas atrazine and cyanuric acid showed no significant toxic effect on the cells, phenol reduces growth and activates or induces typical membrane-adaptive responses known for the genus Pseudomonas [16].

Biological context of Fenamine

• The effective levels reported in the current study are realistic exposures that suggest that other amphibian species exposed to atrazine in the wild could be at risk of impaired sexual development [1].
• The psbA gene from higher plants, which codes for the atrazine herbicide binding protein of photosystem II (QB protein), has been recently sequenced by various laboratories [17].
• Although the mutant cells exhibited extreme levels of resistance to atrazine, no concomitant reductions in photosynthetic electron transport or cell growth rates compared to the unselected cells were detected [18].
• The mutations induce different herbicide resistances: in M30, a point mutation at the codon 248, isoleucine to threonine, results in resistance only to metribuzin; in M35, a single mutation, Ala251Val, confers metribuzin, atrazine, and ioxynil resistance [19].
• CoCl2 and DBMIB (2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone) were potent inhibitors of LHCP (light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding protein) phosphorylation, but 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea and atrazine had no significant effect [20].

Anatomical context of Fenamine

• After isolation and renaturation, the ability of the recombinant D1 protein to bind atrazine and pigments from barley thylakoids was demonstrated [21].
• Gonadal malformations induced by atrazine include hermaphrodites and males with multiple testes [single sex polygonadism (SSP)], and effects occur at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppb (microg/L) [15].
• At both levels tested, atrazine caused chromosomal damage to the CHO cells [22].
• No peroxisome proliferation was observed in the liver or kidneys of mice treated with atrazine [23].
• Male adult African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) were exposed to three nominal concentrations of atrazine (1, 25, or 250 microg atrazine/l) for 36 days, and testicular aromatase activity and CYP19 gene expression, as well as concentrations of the plasma sex steroids testosterone (T) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), and gonad size (GSI) were measured [24].

Associations of Fenamine with other chemical compounds

• Here, we report the structural characterisation of triazine binding by crystallographic refinement of complexes of the RC either with the triazine inhibitor atrazine (Protein Data Bank (PDB) entry 5PRC) or with the chiral atrazine derivatives, DG-420314 (S(-) enantiomer, PDB entry 6PRC) or DG-420315 (R(+) enantiomer, PDB entry 7PRC) [4].
• Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) has been applied to the detection of 14C-labeled urinary metabolites of the triazine herbicide, atrazine, and the analytical performance of AMS has been directly compared to that of liquid scintillation counting (LSC) [25].
• We have developed an isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) method for quantifying the urinary metabolites of the pesticides atrazine, malathion, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) [26].
• By introducing LiCl into the MIP, atrazine was reduced below -800 mV vs Ag/AgCl reference electrode, at pH 3 [27].
• In addition to atrazine, simazine, and propazine, two metabolites--atrazine-desethyl and atrazine-desisopropyl--induced aromatase activity in H295R cells concentration-dependently (0.3-30 microM) and with potencies similar to those of the parent triazines [28].

Gene context of Fenamine

• In this study, the third gene in the atrazine catabolic pathway, atzC, was cloned from a Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP cosmid library as a 25-kb EcoRI DNA fragment in Escherichia coli [29].
• In this study, we show that this fragment also contained the second gene of the atrazine metabolic pathway, atzB [30].
• Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis indicated that the psbA1 gene and the psbA2/psbA3 gene(s) were expressed in photosynthetically grown cells in the presence of atrazine [31].
• The gamma- and delta-isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane, congeners of dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT; p,p'-DDT; p,p'-DDE; o,p'-DDT), dieldrin, atrazine, and pentachlorophenol, caused a statistically significant inhibition of specific binding of [3H]5 alpha-DHT to the androgen receptor that ranged from 100% (p,p'-DDE) to 25% (dieldrin) [32].
• Selection of an atrazine-resistant tobacco cell line having a mutant psbA gene [33].
• On the basis of the present data, atrazine should be included among the environmental contaminants potentially able to signal via GPR30 in eliciting estrogenic action [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Fenamine

• Induced new mutation of D1 serine-268 in soybean photosynthetic cell cultures produced atrazine resistance, increased stability of S2QB- and S3QB- states, and increased sensitivity to light stress [35].
• Atrazine recovery as determined by ELISA averaged 92.8% following MISPE and 79.6% for the unpurified extracts [36].
• Atrazine recovery as determined by HPLC from beef liver homogenates spiked to levels from 0.005 to 0.5 ppm averaged 88.7% following MISPE and 60.9% for the unpurified extracts [36].
• The performance of both the colorimetric and CDH biosensor detection was investigated and both methods were applied for determination of the model compound atrazine in spiked surface water samples [37].
• Analytical performance of accelerator mass spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting for detection of 14C-labeled atrazine metabolites in human urine [25].

References