Disease relevance of Bronchial Provocation Tests

• Twenty-two children with bronchial asthma and positive skin tests to house-dust allergen were subjected to a bronchial provocation test with the allergen, and both bronchial reactions and serum complement hemolytic activity were measured at different intervals after the challenge [1].
• The Cocos nucifera pollen, as one of the sources of allergen responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reaction, was confirmed by skin prick test, bronchial provocation test, and RAST [2].
• It appears reasonable that an aspecific bronchial provocation test, performed during the pollen season, can detect with greater sensitivity patients with hay fever at risk of developing asthma in the future, and it also appears reasonable that these patients should be treated differently from subjects with "pure" allergic rhinitis [3].
• METHODS--A histamine bronchial provocation test was performed in 20 adult patients with a diagnosis of asthma or symptoms of cough and/or shortness of breath [4].
• Similar levels of nitric oxide in exhaled air in non-asthmatic rhinitis and asthma after bronchial allergen challenge [5].

High impact information on Bronchial Provocation Tests

• We have examined the mucosal changes occurring in bronchial biopsies from six atopic asthmatics 5-6 h after local endobronchial allergen challenge and compared them with biopsies from saline-challenged segments from the same subjects at the same time point [6].
• Before local endobronchial allergen challenge, less than 1% of lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages recovered by BAL expressed GM-CSF mRNA, whereas after allergen stimulation 92.6 +/- 3.4% of lymphocytes and 17.5 +/- 22.7% of alveolar macrophages expressed GM-CSF mRNA [7].
• Each patient underwent three methacholine bronchial challenge tests (BCT), each followed 24 hours later by a cat allergen BCT, each performed with a different nebulizer (randomly selected each time, with patient and tester always blinded) [8].
• Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to a bronchial provocation test (BPT) with histamine was measured at baseline [9].
• Subsequently 10 of these patients were exposed for 3 h to air, 200 ppb O3, 400 ppb NO2, and 200 ppb O3 + 400 ppb NO2, followed immediately by bronchial allergen challenge [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Bronchial Provocation Tests

• 24 h later, a bronchial provocation test was performed under pentobarbital anaesthesia using increasing doses of acetylcholine aerosol and the degree of bronchospasm was measured using a modified Konzett-Rössler method [11].
• A dose-response relation was found between intensity of exposure on the one hand, and sore throat, increased prevalence of positive methacholine bronchial challenge tests, and steeper dose-response slope, on the other [12].
• Ten children with mild bronchial asthma underwent bronchial challenge with carbachol on three consecutive days; using a double-blind technique, they were given inhaled saline placebo on the first day and placebo or sodium cromoglycate (SCG) on the second and third days 15 min prior to the bronchial provocation test with carbachol [13].
• The authors present clinical cases of 2 nurses and 1 laboratory worker, who developed severe allergic reactions to latex: case 1--during prophylactic gynaecologic examination, case 2--in the course of inhalative bronchial challenge test with latex aqueous extract and case 3--while blowing up balloon at home [14].
• The models used for the study of the effectiveness of different compounds are the bronchial provocation tests with allergens, histamine, acetylcholine or metacholine, PGF2 or SO2, as well as exercise-induced asthma or challenges with drugs and food [15].

Biological context of Bronchial Provocation Tests

• Changes in airway caliber were followed with measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and changes in bronchial responsiveness were followed by methacholine and prostaglandin D2 bronchial provocation tests [16].
• The development of type I allergy was monitored by measurement of specific IgE, in vitro histamine release tests, cellular proliferation assays, skin testing, and bronchial provocation tests [17].
• Similarly, GSTM3 AA genotype was related to late reaction in the specific bronchial provocation test (OR 3.75, 95% CI 1.26-11.2) [18].
• Because the presence of bronchial smooth muscle reactivity in infants remains controversial, airway reactivity was assessed in 10 normal, asymptomatic male infants less than 15 mo of age by measuring the changes that occurred in the maximal expiratory flows at functional residual capacity (VmaxFRC) during a methacholine bronchial challenge test [19].
• Children who recorded ever having experienced wheezing on the questionnaire were evaluated by methacholine bronchial provocation test and determined to have asthma if they showed bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine simultaneously [20].

Anatomical context of Bronchial Provocation Tests

• Analysis of T-cell activation after bronchial allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma [21].
• Leukocyte recruitment after local endobronchial allergen challenge in asthma. Relationship to procedure and to airway interleukin-8 release [22].
• Influence of bronchial allergen challenge on histamine release by human basophils [23].
• Non-specific bronchial responsiveness (PC20histamine), lung function (FEV1), peripheral blood eosinophil count, early phase allergic skin sensitivity, and levels of total and specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) were determined prior to bronchial allergen challenge [24].
• We have previously shown that memory T helper cells (CD4+CD45RO+) are preferentially activated relative to naïve T helper cells (CD4+CD45RA+) after bronchial allergen challenge [25].

Associations of Bronchial Provocation Tests with chemical compounds

• Bronchial challenge tests were performed with increasing methacholine concentrations to a maximum of 30 mg/ml [26].
• When the maximum concentration of AMP (400 mg/ml) failed to produce a PC20, a bronchial provocation test with histamine was performed and the PC20 was determined [27].
• We developed a bronchial provocation test (BPT) with a dry powder preparation of mannitol [28].
• After a single-blind, placebo-treatment control, equipotent bronchodilating doses of inhaled salbutamol (500 micrograms) and formoterol (30 micrograms) were administered 30 minutes before bronchial allergen challenge in a double-blind randomized design [29].
• An immediate response to the bronchial provocation test with carmine and cochineal was observed in the current employee with asthma [30].

Gene context of Bronchial Provocation Tests

• Release of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MCP-1 into asthmatic airways following endobronchial allergen challenge [31].
• Elevation of tissue kallikrein and kinin in the airways of asthmatic subjects after endobronchial allergen challenge [32].
• We have previously demonstrated the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by alveolar macrophages (AM) from allergic asthmatics developing a late asthmatic reaction after bronchial allergen challenge [33].
• The late asthmatic reaction (LAR), consecutive to bronchial allergen challenge, is characterized both by the influx of various cells in proximal and distal airways and by the enhancement of bronchial hyperresponsiveness [34].
• METHODS: Separate nasal and bronchial allergen challenges were carried out outside the pollen season in eight patients with pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Bronchial Provocation Tests

• Immediate and late skin test results, allergen bronchial challenge test results, and allergen-specific serum immunoglobulin levels were evaluated before and after treatment [36].
• METHODS: A random sample of 1859 subjects, aged 20 to 46 years, was investigated in a cross-sectional study by using a questionnaire, skin prick tests (SPTs), specific and total IgE measurements, and methacholine bronchial challenge tests [37].
• The effects of acute allergen exposure on bronchoalveolar lavage cells and mediators and mucosal inflammatory cells were evaluated in 10 subjects with atopic asthma who underwent lavage and biopsy 24 hours after segmental endobronchial allergen challenge [38].
• Spirometry and methacholine bronchial challenge test results, conducted once prior to onset of exposure and later after an average of 15 months of apprenticeship, were available for 194 subjects [39].
• S.c. injection of KWD 2131 in a subthreshold dose for bronchodilation, i.e. 0.3 mg or 0.6 mg, given prior to a bronchial provocation test with specific allergen had no protective effect on the changes in specific airway conductance and peak expiratory flow in a double-blind cross-over study in 12 patients with allergic asthma [40].

References