Disease relevance of isopentyl acetate

• Enhanced isoamyl acetate production upon manipulation of the acetyl-CoA node in Escherichia coli [1].
• Behavioral assays from three colonies each of Africanized and European bees showed that 3M2BA recruited worker bees from hives of both Africanized bees and European bees at least as efficiently as isopentyl acetate IPA, a compound widely reported to have the highest activity for releasing alarm and stinging behavior in honeybees [2].
• The first-episode-psychosis patients had significantly higher sensitivity to isoamyl acetate and to androstenone, but the incidence of anosmia to androstenone was not higher in the first episode patient group as compared to the control group [3].

Psychiatry related information on isopentyl acetate

• Rats were trained using operant conditioning to detect isoamyl acetate vapor generated by an olfactometer [4].
• Olfactory sensitivity to two odorants, isoamyl acetate and androsterone, was assessed in 14 obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, nine major depressive disorder (MDD) patients, and 16 sex- and age-matched healthy controls [5].

High impact information on isopentyl acetate

• Dynamic blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI was applied at 7 T in the rat olfactory bulb (OB) with pulsed delivery of iso-amyl acetate (IAA) and limonene [6].
• On an intrasubject basis, short IAA exposures of 0.6 min separated by 3.5-min intervals induced reproducible spatial activity patterns (SAPs) in the olfactory nerve layer, glomerular layer, and external plexiform layer [6].
• In addition, the onset and recovery kinetics following isoamyl acetate stimulation are prolonged in the null mice [7].
• In MDD patients, a significant increase in the sensitivity to isoamyl acetate was observed 6 weeks after initiation of treatment, compared to controls [5].
• Analysis of the fermentation products confirmed that the expression levels of ATF1 and ATF2 greatly affect the production of ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of isopentyl acetate

• This genetically engineered strain of E. coli produced the ester isoamyl acetate when isoamyl alcohol was added externally to the cell culture medium [9].

Biological context of isopentyl acetate

• 1. Changes in membrane potential and temporal patterns of spikes were analyzed in 30 output cells in the salamander olfactory bulb in response to stimulation with 1-s pulses of the odorants isoamyl acetate, cineole, and camphor [10].
• The results for isoamyl acetate are novel, and suggest that genetic polymorphism in the affinity of odorant receptor proteins contributes to the (nearly normal) threshold distribution for this odorant [11].
• Firstly, subjects were instructed to smell six odorants (isovaleric acid, thiophenol, pyridine, L-menthol, isoamyl acetate, and 1-8 cineole), while skin conductance and heart rate variations were being measured [12].
• Olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) were recorded in 14 young and 14 older adults, with odor strength of isoamyl acetate manipulated to assess olfactory stimulus intensity [13].
• Extraneous water/buffer addition decreased the isoamyl acetate yields slightly ( approximately 10%) at 0.005-0.01% v/v of the reaction mixture and drastically (>40%) at above 0.01% v/v. Buffer saturation of the organic solvent employed improved esterification (upto two-fold), particularly at moderately higher substrate concentrations (>0.18 M) [14].

Anatomical context of isopentyl acetate

• We studied the outward currents elicited by an odorous compound, isoamyl acetate, in isolated olfactory receptor neurons of the grass frog under whole-cell perforated-patch voltage-clamp recording [15].
• The uptake of barbituric acid derivatives by brush border membrane vesicles was well correlated with their partition coefficients (isopentyl acetate/water) [16].

Associations of isopentyl acetate with other chemical compounds

• The atf1Delta atf2Delta double deletion strain did not form any isoamyl acetate, showing that together, Atf1p and Atf2p are responsible for the total cellular isoamyl alcohol acetyltransferase activity [8].
• Most experiments compared isoamyl acetate and cineole, odorants which have very different maps of input to olfactory bulb glomeruli in the turtle and a different perceptual quality for humans [17].
• For this purpose, rats were exposed 20 min per day during six consecutive days to cineole, methyl-amyl ketone, isoamyl acetate or with no odour in the control group [18].
• Using a behavioral paradigm designed to simulate olfactory-guided foraging, the ability of five squirrel monkeys to distinguish iso-amyl acetate from n- and iso-forms of other acetic esters (ethyl acetate to decyl acetate) and from other esters carrying the iso-amyl group (iso-amyl propionate to iso-amyl capronate) was investigated [19].
• The ATF1- and ATF2-encoded alcohol acetyltransferases of S. cerevisiae are responsible for the synthesis of ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate esters, while the EHT1-encoded ethanol hexanoyl transferase is responsible for synthesizing ethyl caproate [20].

Gene context of isopentyl acetate

• Analysis of a null mutant of the BAT2 gene encoding cytosolic branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, and a transformant with multi-copy plasmids containing the BAT2 gene showed that the BAT2 gene product plays an important role in the production of branched-chain alcohols and isoamyl acetate [21].
• A recombinant E. coli strain with a deletion in ackA-pta produces less acetate and more isoamyl acetate than the wild-type E. coli strain [22].
• The IAH1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes an esterase that preferentially acts on isoamyl acetate; however, the enzyme has not yet been completely purified from the yeast S. cerevisiae [23].
• The self-cloning TDH3p-ATF1 yeast strain produced a higher amount of isoamyl acetate [24].
• Earlier we have shown that acetate pathway deletion (ackA-pta) increases isoamyl acetate production [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of isopentyl acetate

• Isoamyl-acetate synthase was solubilized and extensively purified to apparent homogeneity by successive chromatographies on various columns [26].
• The experimental paradigm involves subjects sniffing pairs of bottles, one containing an odorant (e.g. isoamyl acetate) dissolved in an odorless solvent (water or liquid silicone), the other containing just the solvent, while 19 channels of EEG are continuously recorded [27].
• Atomic force microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize mixed Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films before and after contact with a specific odorant molecule, isoamyl acetate [28].
• In the aversive context of electrical stimulation, significant differences between isopentyl acetate and 2-heptanone were found [29].
• The basic procedure consists of the collection of air samples using sampling cartridges containing XAD-2 resin, extraction of the resin with isoamyl acetate, and an analysis of the extract using gas chromatography with electron capture detection [30].

References