Disease relevance of Humextra

• Given the widespread use of metolachlor and the frequent detection of metolachlor in both surface and ground water, future analyses of the AHS will allow further examination of long-term health effects, including lung cancer and the less common cancers [1].
• However, strains of Bacillus circulans, Bacillus megaterium, Fusarium sp., Mucor racemosus, and an actinomycete were found to transform metolachlor [2].
• Effect of river and wetland sediments on toxicity of metolachlor [3].
• Eye injuries among pennant squash players and their attitudes towards protective eyewear [4].
• Metobromuron/metolachlor ingestion with late onset methemoglobinemia in a pregnant woman successfully treated with methylene blue [5].

High impact information on Humextra

• The kinetics of GST B1/B2 activity with GSH and metolachlor fit a model describing a multisite enzyme having two binding sites with different affinities for these substrates [6].
• Chiral iridium [corrected] xyliphos complexes for the catalytic imine hydrogenation leading to the metolachlor herbicide: isolation of catalyst-substrate adducts [7].
• We have also shown that the cytochrome P450 isoforms responsible for human metabolism of acetochlor, butachlor, and metolachlor are CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 [8].
• The current study extends our earlier studies with alachlor and demonstrates that rat liver microsomes metabolize acetochlor and metolachlor to CMEPA (0.065 nmol/min/mg and 0.0133 nmol/min/mg, respectively), whereas human liver microsomes can metabolize only acetochlor to CMEPA (0.023 nmol/min/mg) [8].
• The tolerance of the strains to high concentrations of metolachlor was also evaluated for the usefulness of the strains for decontamination [2].

Chemical compound and disease context of Humextra

• Effect of simulated sunlight on atrazine and metolachlor toxicity of surface waters [9].
• Metolachlor is found to be an example of a nonteratogenic herbicide that upon degradation loses toxicity but gains teratogenicity, and both the herbicides, metolachlor and alachlor, are potential sources of teratogenic transformation products [10].
• Toxicity changes were measured for atrazine and metolachlor in surface waters after exposure to simulated sunlight (0, 20, and 40 kJ/m2) using a Xenon Weather-Ometer [9].

Biological context of Humextra

• Tolerance of the actinomycete to metolachlor concentrations over 200 ppm (200 micrograms/ml) was low and could not be increased by doubling the sucrose concentration in the growth medium or by using a large biomass as inoculum [2].
• Cytogenetic effects of cyanazine and metolachlor on human lymphocytes exposed in vitro [11].
• Postpartum haemorrhoids are a common problem, for which the recently marketed cooling device, Anurex (Roussel Uclaf Australia, Pennant Hills, NSW), was evaluated in 129 women randomly allocated to treatment and control groups [12].
• The separation of metolachlor enantiomers was achieved using a LC-MS equipped with a chiral stationary phase based on cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source operated under positive ion mode [13].
• Equilibrating soil samples with metolachlor solutions containing equivalent sulfamethazine concentrations did not lead to any significant effects on metolachlor sorption, suggesting that, under the conditions of the present experiment, sulfamethazine did not affect metolachlor bioavailability in soil [14].

Anatomical context of Humextra

• A wild-type poplar hybrid and two transgenic clones overexpressing a bacterial gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the cytosol or in the chloroplasts were exposed to the chloroacetanilide herbicides acetochlor and metolachlor dispersed in the soil [15].
• "A most certaine and true relation of a strange monster or serpent found in the left ventricle of the heart of John Pennant, gentleman, of the age of 21 years" [16].
• 4. Bile was the major route for 14C elimination when MAP metabolites of alachlor, butachlor and metolachlor were perfused into a renal artery [17].
• The herbicide metolachlor induces liver cytochrome P450s 2B1/2 and 3A1/2, but not thyroxine-uridine dinucleotide phosphate glucuronosyltransferase and associated thyroid gland activity [18].
• Identity of the metabolite was confirmed by TLC and positive ion thermospray LC/MS to be 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide . Hence, the reaction catalyzed by the sorghum microsomes involved O-demethylation of the methoxypropyl side chain of metolachlor [19].

Associations of Humextra with other chemical compounds

• This paper compares two extraction techniques and two analytical techniques for 10 chemicals (metolachlor, seven triazines and two degradation products of atrazine-cyanazine-propazine and simazine) in the dissolved phase in large volumes of surface water, using a fibre glass filter with 0.7 micron porosity [20].
• Although conditions favoring formation of sulfate green rust (GR(II); Fe6(OH)12SO4) facilitated Fe0-mediated dechlorination of metolachlor, only adsorption was observed when GR(II) was synthesized (without Fe0) in the presence of metolachlor and Eh/pH changed to favor Fe(III)oxyhydroxide or magnetite formation [21].
• In anaerobic soil, the half-life was 38 d for atrazine and 62 d for metolachlor [22].
• Degradation and leaching of the herbicides metolachlor and diuron: a case study in an area of Northern Italy [23].
• Atrazine (1.1 kg a.i. ha-1), metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazine-5(4H)-one] (0.5 kg a.i. ha-1), and metolachlor (1.68 kg a.i. ha-1) were applied preemergence in a band over seeded corn (Zea mays L.) rows [24].

Gene context of Humextra

• Phytoremediation of the herbicides atrazine and metolachlor by transgenic rice plants expressing human CYP1A1, CYP2B6, and CYP2C19 [25].
• The GUS index, computed on data from microbiologically active soil, shows monuron as a leacher compound, EMA and DCA as non-leachers, metolachlor and diuron as transient ones [23].
• The mobility of imazaquin through soil columns was in the order Rion > or = Norfolk > Cape Fear > or = Webster, whereas for metolachlor it was Rion > or = Norfolk >> Webster > or = Cape Fear [26].
• Atrazine chlorohydrolase or ADP had no effect on the degradation of metolachlor [27].
• In this study, the pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM)-fluorometric method was used to evaluate the difference in the sensitivity to mercury (Hg) and metolachlor of six algal species: Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlorella vulgaris, Nannoplankton (PLS), Microcystis aeruginosa and Pediastrum biwae [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Humextra

• Metolachlor is one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States. We evaluated the incidence of cancer among pesticide applicators exposed to metolachlor in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina. A total of 50,193 pesticide applicators were included [1].
• Although we used various inocula and enrichment culture techniques, we were not able to isolate microorganisms that could mineralize metolachlor [2].
• When ELISA analyses were duplicated, cyanazine and metolachlor detection was found to have highly reproducible results; adjusted R2s were 0.97 and 0.94, respectively [29].
• The two isomers were then thermally equilibrated to 1:1 mixtures of the aSS/aRS and aRR/aSR diastereomers, respectively, so that analytical data of all four metolachlor isomers became available; they were then used to identify these isomers in technical products by chiral high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) [30].
• An evaluation of three pesticides: piritione, supercypermethrin and metolachlor in transformation bioassays of BHK21 and hamster embryo cells [31].

References