Disease relevance of simazine

• Although they possess a very low acute toxicity in animals, a mammary tumor response has been consistently observed in Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats following chronic oral dosing of atrazine and simazine at and above maximum tolerated doses [1].
• Bioaugmentation with Pseudomonas sp. ADP resulted in an increased initial rate of simazine removal, but this strain scarcely survived [2].
• Male C57Bl/6 mice were treated with vehicle or 300 or 600 mg/kg body weight (bw) simazine daily orally for 4 wk [3].
• Algal cell recovery from simazine toxic effect occurred after 2 and 4 days for Anabaena and Protosiphon, respectively, which may be attributed to the difference in algal genotype of the tested organisms [4].
• Recommended concentrations of paraquat alone and its combination with each of linuron, diuron, atrazine, simazine, and simazine plus diuron exerted little effect on total populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in Fox sandy loam under laboratory and simulated field conditions in 66 and 77 days, respectively [5].

High impact information on simazine

• In the present work, the solubilities of the triazine pesticides atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine were measured in pure and modified water at temperatures ranging from 50 to 125 degrees C and at a pressure of 50 atm [6].
• The limit of detection (LOD), using an antibody concentration of 20 nM, was 0.32 microg/L, or 1.11 x 10(-16) mol of simazine [7].
• Atrazine and simazine determination in river water samples by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography [8].
• CHO cells treated with a combination of atrazine and simazine, or atrazine and cyanazine, were observed to have whole-cell and flow karyotype damage [9].
• The kinetics of simazine release from HEM-based polymer show that total saturation of an aqueous environment could be achieved over a period of 3 weeks and this corresponds to the maximal simazine solubility in water [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of simazine

• Metalaxyl and simazine toxicity to and uptake by Typha latifolia [11].
• However, simazine caused no toxicity to the worms and did not affect chlorpyrifos toxicity in binary mixture experiments [12].
• Results of these studies indicated that simazine sorption to soil increased with aging and that amounts of simazine in aged soils extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2 and aqueous methanol were highly correlated to amounts of simazine mineralized by Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP [13].

Biological context of simazine

• Sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei analysis in lymphocytes of men exposed to simazine through drinking water [14].
• The recognition and quantitation the target analyte is realized through the competition between the simazine-glucose oxidase (GOD) conjugate and free simazine for the binding sites of the monoclonal antibody co-immobilized with peroxidase on the gold electrode [15].
• Simazine did not induce any dose-related increase in DNA damage [16].
• Atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine are widely used preemergence and postemergence triazine herbicides that have made their way into the potable water supply of many agricultural communities [17].
• The purpose of this study was to investigate reproductive toxic effects after exposure during gestation and lactation to prochloraz alone and a mixture of five pesticides (deltamethrin, methiocarb, prochloraz, simazine, and tribenuron-methyl) [18].

Anatomical context of simazine

• These data indicate that HA affects catecholamine synthesis and release in PC12 cells in a manner that is similar to synthesis of atrazine and simazine [19].
• Simazine treatment (600 mg/kg) induced an increase in the percentage of CD4(+) cells in spleen and CD8 + in thymus [3].
• Taken together, data indicate that the immune system was suppressed by oral simazine exposure [3].
• The 72 h LC50 value for yolk sac larvae was estimated as 4.19 mg/l. Commercial grade simazine did not exert any significant toxicity to the marine bacterium V. fischeri at the concentrations tested [20].
• Body weight and spleen and thymus weight decreased generally in simazine-treated mice, while the weight of adrenal glands was higher than in the control [3].

Associations of simazine with other chemical compounds

• 1. The in vitro metabolism of chlorotriazines, simazine (SIZ), atrazine (ATZ) and propazine (PRZ) in liver microsomes from rat, mouse and guinea pig and the oestrogenic activity of chlorotriazines and their main metabolites have been studied [21].
• Diuron thus produced a moderately enhanced biodegradation, chlorotoluron a high one, and simazine a low but significant one [22].
• This research focused on the potential use of common cattails (Typha latifolia) for removing metalaxyl and simazine residues from contaminated water [11].
• Determination of simazine, terbuthylazine, and their dealkylated chlorotriazine metabolites in soil using sonication microextraction and gas chromatography [23].
• Hexazinone and simazine field dissipation was studied in two different soils from Spain (Toledo and Burgos), devoted to forest nurseries for Pinus nigra [24].

Gene context of simazine

• Although transgenic and nontransgenic plants metabolized the two herbicides into the same sets of compounds, CYP1A1 plants metabolized atrazine and simazine more rapidly than did control plants [25].
• Lauric acid omega-hydroxylase (LAOH) was also increased by 1.4-fold by simazine at 200 and 400 mumol/kg [26].
• There was, however, an inhibition of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production by simazine, metoxuron and mecoprop and of all three cytokines tested by diuron [27].
• Agents known to enhance TH and DbetaH transcription, phosphorylation or activity (e.g., 8-bromo cAMP, forskolin or dexamethasone) reversed the inhibitory effects of atrazine and simazine on the NE [28].
• AZ, CZ, and SZ are not estrogen receptor (ER) activating compounds based on yeast transactivation and receptor competition data [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of simazine

• Immunoassay techniques for detection of the herbicide simazine based on use of oppositely charged water-soluble polyelectrolytes [30].
• Integrated optical surface plasmon resonance immunoprobe for simazine detection [31].
• For the development of a multi-analyte immunoassay consisting of two polyclonal antibodies with cross-reactivity to atrazine and simazine and different derivatives immobilised on the transducer surface, the binding characteristics between these substances like binding capacity and cross-reactivity were characterised [32].
• Atrazine and simazine were extracted by liquid extraction from soil and assayed by tube ELISA [33].
• The application of liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS) for the identification and quantitation of four herbicides (simazine, atrazine, diuron, and terbuthylazine) in olive oil samples is reported here [34].

References