Disease relevance of C08348

• The role of galacturonic acid in outer membrane stability in Klebsiella pneumoniae [1].
• These results indicate that the negative charge provided by the carboxyl groups of galacturonic acid do play an equivalent role to the core oligosaccharide phosphate residues in establishing outer membrane integrity in E. coli and Salmonella [1].
• Transfer by tri-parental mating of these genes into Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021, a strain that lacks these particular GalA residues, results in the heterologous expression of the GalA transferase activities seen in membranes of cells expressing pSGAT [2].
• The galacturonic acid-containing capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 1 is synthesized through the action of a specific UDPGLE [3].
• However, Ochrobactrum LPS, but not B. abortus LPS, contained galacturonic acid [4].

High impact information on C08348

• Mutant cell walls showed a 25% reduction in galacturonic acid levels compared with the wild type, indicating reduced pectin content, whereas neutral sugars remained unchanged [5].
• Here we describe the expression cloning of three novel GalA transferases from a 22-kb R. leguminosarum genomic DNA insert-containing cosmid (pSGAT) [2].
• Klebsiella pneumoniae lacks phosphoryl residues in its core, but instead contains galacturonic acid [1].
• The E. coli inner core consists of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) and L-glycero-D-manno-heptose (heptose), while the inner core of R. leguminosarum contains 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), mannose, galactose, and galacturonic acid [6].
• Glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid, which are major constituents of a variety of fibres, produced significant mucin secretion (p<0.05) [7].

Chemical compound and disease context of C08348

• The core oligosaccharide differs from those of the genera Salmonella and Escherichia by the absence of a hexose-containing outer core, the lack of phosphate residues in the inner core, and the presence of galacturonic acid residues [8].
• Small oral spirochaetes with a strict dependence on either glucuronic acid (GluA) or galacturonic acid (GalA) were isolated from European patients with periodontitis and from Chinese patients with either gingivitis or acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) [9].
• The frequent occurrence of lysine and galacturonic acid in Proteus mirabilis O-serogroups and their possible significance for the respective serological specificities are discussed [10].

Biological context of C08348

• Separation of 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (ANTS)-labeled oligomers containing galacturonic acid by capillary electrophoresis: application to determining the substrate specificity of endopolygalacturonases [11].
• Characterization of a Ralstonia solanacearum operon required for polygalacturonate degradation and uptake of galacturonic acid [12].
• This exuT mutant had wild-type virulence on tomato, demonstrating that metabolism of galacturonic acid does not contribute significantly to bacterial success inside the plant [12].
• Mild acid hydrolysis of S1A indicated that the backbone consists of 1,4-linked galacturonic acid and 1,2-linked rhamnose residues in the ratio of 1:1 [13].
• The migration was dependent on degree of methylation and DP, because the OGA mobility relies on the charge of the galacturonic acid residues [14].

Anatomical context of C08348

• Amounts of pectin orally administered and collected from the terminal ileum were estimated as galacturonic acid concentrations (Englyst's method) and were compared with each other [15].
• Ultrastructural study of galacturonic acid distribution in some pathogenic fungi using gold-complexed Aplysia depilans gonad lectin [16].
• The sugar composition of whole cell walls of the T-5B cell line was similar that of the original cells, however pectic polysaccharides composed of arabinose or galacturonic acid were easily extracted from T-5B cell walls with 50 mM trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid [17].
• These results support our hypothesis that galacturonic acid produced by the degradation of ingested pectin in the digestive tract may be partly responsible for the pectin-induced changes in lipid metabolism [18].
• Binding of these cells was inhibited by galacturonic acid, suggesting that carbohydrate moieties on the cell membrane of the two types of cells are recognized by these lectins [19].

Associations of C08348 with other chemical compounds

• Gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy showed that the mutant still made LPS but it had lost the ability to assemble a surface (capsular) PS, which gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry indicated to be an acidic type II molecule rich in galacturonic acid and galactosamine [20].
• The nucleotide sugar UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) is the principal precursor for galacturonic acid, xylose, apiose and arabinose residues of the plant cell-wall polymers [21].
• The degree of methyl esterification was determined by either the increase in galactose content as determined by GLC of the sugar or by the change in galacturonic acid content by colorimetric uronic acid analyses [22].
• The beta-1,4-endogalactanase A gene from Aspergillus niger is specifically induced on arabinose and galacturonic acid and plays an important role in the degradation of pectic hairy regions [23].
• Analysis of the carbohydrate moiety after acid hydrolysis by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulse amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) showed the presence of glucosamine and galacturonic acid as the only sugar components [24].

Gene context of C08348

• An Escherichia coli galacturonic acid transport mutant harboring the E. chrysanthemi exuT gene(s) for galacturonic acid uptake was able to transport galacturonic acid but unable to take up the dimer [3H]digalacturonic acid [25].
• Average modification levels of 13.4 +/- 3.0, 11.1 +/- 3.6, 7.5 +/- 4.2, and 4.7 +/- 0.3 moles of carbohydrate/mol of vicilin were obtained with glucose, galactose, galacturonic acid, and lactose, respectively [26].
• The interference of galacturonic acid or oligomers resulting from PG activity was completely eliminated [27].
• Galacturonic acid itself (5%) produced marked PYY secretion [28].
• Among galacturonic-acid-containing components, elicitors and suppressors of the plant cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) were recovered [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of C08348

• Electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and gas-liquid chromatography of the product generated in vitro by RgtA confirmed the presence of a GalA moiety [2].
• The negative ion-mode MALDI spectra of the oligouronates (oligomers containing mannuronic/guluronic and galacturonic acid residues) obtained using uncoated or nitrocellulose-coated probes consisted of a series of broad, multiple peaks [30].
• Utilization of an evaporative light scattering detector for high-performance size-exclusion chromatography of galacturonic acid oligomers [31].
• Separation and quantitation of galacturonic acid oligomers from 3 to over 25 residues in length by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography [32].
• Driselase-digestion of cell walls from suspension-cultures of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), followed by anion-exchange chromatography, gel-permeation chromatography, preparative paper chromatography and preparative paper electrophoresis, yielded ten uronic acid-containing products in addition to free galacturonic acid (GalA) [33].

References